Andrew Jackson Higgins was born and raised 1,000 miles from the ocean, yet forever changed war fought from sea.
He designed and manufactured the iconic World War II amphibious landing craft that delivered Allied troops onto hostile beachheads from North Africa to Normandy to Iwo Jima and countless battle zones in between.
Higgins "is the man who won the war for us," Dwight D. Eisenhower said in a 1964 interview with historian Stephen Ambrose.
It’s astonishing praise from the highest authority.
Ike, before becoming president, was the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe.
He planned and executed the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 — the largest, most ambitious, most successful amphibious attack in the history of warfare.
The Allies landed 160,000 men on the shores of France in the first 24 hours alone – many of them, if not most of them, sent into the breach from one of Higgins’ innovative steel-and-wood landing craft.
Higgins was a pugnacious Irish-American boatbuilder. Born in Nebraska, he rose to fame as a titan of wartime industry in New Orleans.
"With his wavy brown hair, square jaw and broad shoulders, Higgins looked like he could take care of himself in a fight," Paul Martin wrote in 2012 book, "Secret Heroes: Everyday Americans Who Shaped Our World."
Commonly called Higgins Boats, his landing craft were officially known in military parlance as LCVPs (land craft, vehicle, personnel).
They were built to quickly unload men and equipment in shallow surf hazarded by underwater obstacles, then quickly reverse and return to the mother ship for more.
He developed a larger version of the Higgins Boat called LCMs (landing craft, mechanized), sturdy enough to deliver troops with a battle tank from ship to shore.
The Army soldiers who fought their way up the spine of Italy to take it back from the fascists, the Rangers who scaled the cliffs of Pointe du Hoc on D-Day and the Marines who famously raised the flag over Iwo Jima all arrived into battle aboard Higgins Boats.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur famously splashed out of a Higgins Boat onto the Philippines in 1944.
"I have returned," MacArthur declared, two years after his forces in the Philippines were embarrassingly routed, his men killed, imprisoned and tortured by Japan.
The grim but effectively utility of the Higgins Boat was popularized among a new generation of Americans in the horrific opening scene of the 1998 Tom Hanks war epic, "Saving Private Ryan."
"If it wasn’t for Andrew Higgins, the world could have gone a whole different way," said Fred Hoppe, a Nebraska artist who shares the same hometown as the boatbuilder.
"It could have been tyranny for the world instead of victory for us."
Hoppe is celebrated for his sculptures that pay homage to American war heroes around the world, including two dedicated to Higgins: one in Nebraska and one at Utah Beach in Normandy.
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The tributes are personal to Hoppe. His father, Fritz, landed in Anzio, Italy, aboard a Higgins Boat in 1944. He returned to raise a family but suffered from battle wounds the rest of his life.
Andrew Jackson Higgins was born on August 28, 1886, in Columbus, Nebraska to John G. and Annie (O’Conor) Higgins.
His dad, originally from Chicago, was a prominent judge, lawyer and newspaper publisher, connected at the highest levels of American politics.
"Higgins was a close friend of Grover Cleveland and an enthusiastic Democrat," Jerry Strahan wrote in his 1998 biography of the boatmaker, "Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats that Won World War II."
Strahan added, "So enthusiastic that he named his new son after the party’s twice successful presidential candidate Andrew Jackson."
John Higgins died after falling down a flight of stairs when Andrew was just 7 years old.
Annie Higgins moved the fatherless family to Omaha to begin life anew on the banks of the Missouri River.
It's apparently a quirk of history that the man who built the boats that achieved their greatest fame for attacking Omaha Beach in France on D-Day in 1944 spent his youth in Omaha, Nebraska.
The Missouri River proved the gateway to the deepest interior of the continent during the Lewis & Clark Expeditions. It was here along the shallow "Big Muddy" that Higgins drew the inspiration that would one day deliver American might across the deepest oceans.
Higgins joined the state militia where, among other things, he got his first taste of amphibious warfare.
"The troops had to cross the Platte River by pontoon," writes Strahan.
"The experience, coupled with a strong desire to read instilled in him by his mother, led Higgins to become a student of military history."
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But "money was scarce and times were hard," reports the website of the Andrew Jackson Higgins National Memorial in Nebraska.
Higgins sought opportunity elsewhere.
He moved to Mobile, Alabama, in 1906 and found employment in the lumber industry. He opened his own business, Higgins Lumber and Export Co., in New Orleans n 1922.
He eventually hauled exotic woods from around the world on his own fleet of sailing ships, "said to have been the largest under American registry at that time," according to the Naval History and Heritage Command.
Higgins Lumber was forced out of business at the dawn of the Great Depression.
"Nevertheless, the indefatigable Higgins, who laughed at adversity and whose vocabulary did not include the word ‘impossible,' kept his boatbuilding firm (established in 1930 as Higgins Industries)," reports the Naval History and Heritage Command.
Higgins found success selling an innovative type of shallow-water craft called the Eureka Boat to oilmen and trappers who worked the bayous and the delta around New Orleans.
The Eureka Boat featured a shallow draft, recessed propeller, ideal for negotiating water filled with unseen obstacles below the surface, and the remarkable ability to run up on land and reverse back into water.
The military history enthusiast had unknowingly reinvented amphibious warfare. He solved a problem plaguing American military planners in the 1930s as they prepared for the global war ahead.
Amphibious assault is "the most ancient form of naval warfare," famed historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote in his 1962 epic of the U.S. Navy in World War II, "The Two-Ocean War."
The ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and Norsemen all "distinguished themselves" in the ability launch attack from sea to land, he added.
This age-old art of war, however, "became discredited in World War I and for years thereafter was neglected by all naval powers except Japan," Morison wrote.
Faith in air power, and the famously deadly British military blunder at Gallipoli in 1915, appeared to make amphibious warfare obsolete.
"Land-based aircraft and modern coast defense guns would slaughter any landing force before it reached the beach," Morison wrote of the wisdom of the day.
Amphibious invasions of the past reached the beach on standard shallow water boats, either rowed or motorized, that had barely evolved from the days that the Ancient Greeks attacked across the Mediterranean or that Washington crossed the Delaware in 1776.
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A World War I Marine Corps recruit ad shows jarheads attacking a land target by jumping out of rowboats no different from one they might have rowed across a lake.
American military planners of the 1930s bucked the conventional wisdom of the era.
The United States, they correctly assumed, would be forced to insert its forces violently onto hostile beaches across both the Atlantic and the Pacific in the coming two-ocean war.
They needed a new, better and more powerful way to deliver men and equipment from ship to shore.
They turned to Higgins and his Eureka boats. The sturdy but nimble vessels could move in shallow water, they had propellors protected from underwater obstacles and, after powering the bow up on land, they could quickly back up and return to water.
"When tested in 1938 by the Navy and Marine Corps, Higgins' Eureka boat surpassed the performance of [a] Navy-design boat and was tested by the services during fleet landing exercises in February 1939," reports the Naval History and Heritage Command.
"Satisfactory in most respects, the boat's major drawback appeared to be that equipment had to be unloaded, and men disembarked, over the sides, thus exposing them to enemy fire in a combat situation."
Japan at the same time had developed a boat with a drop-down ramp at the bow. Military planners showed a picture to Higgins.
He described it to his chief engineer over the phone and ordered him to work on it immediately.
Higgins Industries successfully demonstrated with new boat with the drop-down bow less than a month later.
The LCVP, the Higgins Boat, was born. It could carry up to 36 troops with combat gear, a jeep with 12 men, or more than four tons of cargo, deliver all of it right to the beach, back up and return to the mother ship for more men or equipment.
They were operated by a four-man crew, reached speeds of 12 knots, were armed with two 30-caliber machine guns and could float in just 3 feet of water.
The U.S. and its Allies ordered them by the thousands.
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"In 1938, [Higgins] operated a single boatyard employing less than 75 workers," reports the National World War II Museum of New Orleans.
"By late 1943, seven plants employed more than 25,000 workers. They responded by shattering production records, turning out more than 20,000 boats — 12,500 of them LCVPs — by the end of the war."
There is a powerful monument today that stands at the head of the pristine rows of white gravestones at Normandy American Cemetery at Omaha Beach.
It depicts a graceful man in bronze, like an ancient god, who appears to be swimming skyward, as if to heaven.
It's called the "Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves," dedicated to the sacrifices of the 9,386 American soldiers buried in sprawling ocean-bluff cemetery beyond the monument.
"A lot more men would have died if not for the Higgins Boats," said Hoppe, the Nebraska artist, who created two statues dedicated to Higgins.
One stands proudly in their hometown of Columbus, Nebraska. The other stands at Utah Beach in France, where Higgins Boats, and the men on them, led the liberation of Europe.
Andrew Jackson Higgins himself died on August 1, 1952, in New Orleans.
He was 65 years old.
"If Higgins had not designed and built those LCVPs, we never could have landed over an open beach," Eisenhower said in 1964, expanding on his claim that Higgins won World War II.
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"The whole strategy of the war would have been different."
Higgins helped win the war if only by sheer productivity.
The U.S. Navy was served by 14,072 vessels at one point in 1943, according to the Andrew Jackson Higgins National Memorial in Nebraska.
An incredible 93% of them – 12,964 - were built by Higgins Industries.
The United States rose to dominance in World War II by its unmatched ability to project force across vast distances.
Among those was the nation's ability to deliver men and equipment to any beach on any ocean in the world.
Yet this unprecedented ability to deliver power across the oceans was born in the most heartland of American waterways.
"If it had not been for the Missouri River at Omaha there would have been no Higgins Industries of New Orleans turning out ships, planes, engines, guns and what have you for the Army and Navy," Higgins reportedly told the Omaha Chamber of Commerce during a speaking engagement in 1943.
"Looking at the Missouri shallows, its snags and driftwood … led [me] to think up [the] first shallow-draft boat. Everything else came from that."
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