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THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K, IN PARTICULAR "ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION," AND "ITEM 1. BUSINESS," CONTAINS FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 27A OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND SECTION 21E OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED THAT REPRESENT OUR CURRENT EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS. ALL STATEMENTS OTHER THAN STATEMENTS OF HISTORICAL FACT ARE "FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS" FOR PURPOSES OF FEDERAL AND STATE SECURITIES LAWS AND INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO, STATEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT'S EXPECTATIONS REGARDING OUR PERFORMANCE, INITIATIVES, STRATEGIES, PRODUCT INTRODUCTIONS AND OFFERINGS, GROWTH, OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS; STATEMENTS OF PROJECTIONS REGARDING FUTURE SALES, EXPENSES, OPERATING RESULTS, TAXES AND DUTIES, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, SOURCES AND USES OF CASH, FOREIGN CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS OR DEVALUATIONS, AND OTHER FINANCIAL ITEMS; STATEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT'S EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS REGARDING OUR MARKETS; STATEMENTS REGARDING THE PAYMENT OF FUTURE DIVIDENDS AND STOCK REPURCHASES; STATEMENTS REGARDING THE OUTCOME OF LITIGATION; ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS; STATEMENTS OF BELIEF; AND STATEMENTS OF ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING ANY OF THE FOREGOING. IN SOME CASES, YOU CAN IDENTIFY THESE STATEMENTS BY FORWARD-LOOKING WORDS SUCH AS "BELIEVE," "EXPECT," "PROJECT," "ANTICIPATE," "ESTIMATE," "INTEND," "PLAN," "TARGETS," "LIKELY," "WILL," "WOULD," "COULD," "MAY," "MIGHT," THE NEGATIVE OF THESE WORDS AND OTHER SIMILAR WORDS. WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO PUBLICLY UPDATE OR REVISE ANY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENT, WHETHER AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE, EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW. WE CAUTION AND ADVISE READERS THAT THESE STATEMENTS ARE BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS THAT MAY NOT BE REALIZED AND INVOLVE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES THAT COULD CAUSE ACTUAL RESULTS TO DIFFER MATERIALLY FROM THE EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS CONTAINED HEREIN. FOR A SUMMARY OF THESE RISKS, SEE "ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS."

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to "dollars" and "$" are to United States dollars.

Nu Skin, Pharmanex and ageLOC are our trademarks. The italicized product names used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are product names and also, in certain cases, our trademarks.

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We may continue to face difficulties in re-engaging and growing our sales force in Mainland China after our suspension of recruiting activities in the first half of 2014.

In January 2014, we announced that in light of a government review in Mainland China we were temporarily suspending all business promotional meetings as well as acceptance of applications for new sales representatives in that market. This suspension was not lifted until May 2014, following completion of this government review in March 2014. Largely as a result of this suspension, our Sales Leaders in Mainland China decreased significantly during 2014, from approximately 49,000 as of December 31, 2013 to approximately 17,000 as of September 30, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, our Sales Leaders increased to 21,000. Our business is highly dependent on attracting new individuals to participate in our earnings opportunity in Mainland China and elsewhere and on momentum in our sales and sales force expansion created by recruiting. It is unclear what long-term impact this disruption will continue to have on our operations in Mainland China and other markets. While our business in Mainland China stabilized in 2015, we continue to work to engage and grow our sales force in order to renew growth in the market. Any significant or prolonged difficulties in re-engaging our sales force could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

We are currently being sued in a purported class action lawsuit and a derivative claim relating to negative media and regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China and the associated decline in our stock price.

We have been named as a defendant in a purported class action complaint relating to negative media and regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China. We have also been named as a nominal defendant in a shareholder derivative suit relating to the same issues. These complaints purport to assert claims on behalf of certain of our stockholders or the Company and allege that we made materially false and misleading statements regarding our sales operations in, and financial results derived from, our Mainland China business. These complaints also allege that we engaged in multi-level marketing activities in Mainland China in violation of local law. These complaints seek substantial monetary damages or make claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These complaints, or others filed alleging similar facts, could result in monetary or other penalties that may affect our operating results and financial condition. Moreover, the negative publicity stemming from these complaints and the allegations they make could harm our business and operations. Accordingly, any adverse determination against us in these suits, or even the allegations contained in the suits regardless of whether they are ultimately found to be without merit, could harm our business, operations and financial condition.

 

 

 

We are involved, and may become involved in the future, in legal proceedings and other matters that, if adversely adjudicated or settled, could adversely affect our financial results.

In addition to the securities class action and shareholder derivative litigation described in the risk factor titled "We are currently being sued in a purported class action lawsuit and a derivative claim relating to negative media and regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China and the associated decline in our stock price," we are currently, and may in the future become, party to other litigation, investigations or other legal matters. In general, litigation claims can be expensive and time consuming to bring or defend against and could result in settlements or damages that could significantly affect financial results. It is not possible to predict the final resolution of the litigation to which we currently are or may in the future become party to, and the impact of certain of these matters on our business, results of operations and financial condition could be material.

Since 2014, we have been in discussions with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding our Audit Committee's internal review of our business in China and related matters.  In particular, these discussions with the SEC have been focused on a charitable donation we made in China in 2013 and issues related thereto.  In April 2015, the SEC informed us that it was initiating a non-public, formal investigation into these issues.  We have provided a number of documents in connection with this investigation, some of which were given to the SEC pursuant to subpoena, and we continue to work with the SEC to provide it with all requested information.  We have also made available certain of our employees in the U.S. and China to provide testimony and respond to the SEC's questions.  The SEC has advised us that the existence of the investigation should not be construed as an indication by the SEC or its staff that we or any of our officers or directors had violated any of the federal securities laws.  We intend to continue to cooperate fully with the SEC's investigation and provide the SEC with the requested information.  This investigation could expand beyond its current scope and, regardless of its outcome, could adversely affect our business.

We have been involved in two separate disputes with customs authorities in Japan with respect to duty assessments on several of our products. In November 2013, the Supreme Court of Japan declined to hear our appeal regarding a dispute related to additional customs assessments made by Yokohama Customs for the period of October 2002 through July 2005. In 2011, we recorded an expense for the full amount of these disputed assessments. This matter is now closed. The second dispute relates to additional customs assessments made by Yokohama Customs for the period of October 2006 through September 2009 in connection with post-importation audits, as well as the disputed portion of our import duties from October 2009 to the present, which we have or will hold in bond or pay under protest (we were previously required to post a bond or make a deposit to secure any additional duties that may have been due and payable on current imports, but we are no longer required to do so). The aggregate amount of these assessments and disputed duties was 4.3 billion Japanese yen as of December 31, 2015 (approximately $35.4 million), net of recovery of consumption taxes. We are now pursuing this matter in Tokyo District Court. In June 2015, the Tokyo District Court closed the proceedings, and we currently anticipate a decision on the matter during the first quarter of 2016. Any adverse rulings in these matters could materially impact our results. While we anticipate that additional duty disputes with Japanese authorities will be limited going forward as we have entered into an arrangement to purchase a majority of the affected products in Japan from a Japanese company that purchases and imports the products from the manufacturer, there can be no assurance that this arrangement will have the desired effect or that such arrangement will not be terminated in the future.

Please refer to Item 3. "Legal Proceedings" for more information regarding these litigation matters.

 

 

 

Currency exchange rate fluctuations could impact our financial results.

In 2015, approximately 89% of our sales occurred in markets outside of the United States in each market's respective local currency. We purchase inventory primarily in the United States in U.S. dollars. In preparing our financial statements, we translate revenue and expenses in our markets outside the United States from their local currencies into U.S. dollars using weighted average exchange rates. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to local currencies, our reported revenue, gross profit and net income will likely be reduced. For example, foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted reported revenue by approximately 8% in 2015 compared to 2014 and by approximately 3% in 2014 compared to 2013. Foreign currency fluctuations can also result in losses and gains resulting from translation of foreign currency denominated balances on our balance sheet. Although we may engage in transactions intended to reduce our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, there can be no assurance that these transactions will be effective. Given the complex global political and economic dynamics that affect exchange rate fluctuations, it is difficult to predict future fluctuations and the effect these fluctuations may have upon future reported results or our overall financial condition.

Difficult economic conditions could harm our business.

Global economic conditions continue to be challenging. Difficult economic conditions could adversely affect our business by causing a decline in demand for our products, particularly if the economic conditions are prolonged or worsen. In addition, such economic conditions may adversely impact access to capital for us and our suppliers, may decrease the ability of our sales force and consumers to obtain or maintain credit cards, and may otherwise adversely impact our operations and overall financial condition. For example, the significant recent decline in Mainland China's stock market and other negative economic indicators have caused uncertainty regarding the potential for growth in Mainland China's economy. Continued declines in economic conditions in Mainland China could negatively impact our business and revenue in that market and in other markets globally.

Improper sales force actions that violate laws or regulations could harm our business.

Sales force activities that violate applicable laws or regulations could result in government or third-party actions against us, which could harm our business.

For example, in 2014, allegations were made by various media outlets that certain of our sales representatives in Mainland China failed to adequately follow and enforce our policies and regulations. In response to these allegations, our Audit Committee commenced an internal review and Chinese regulators commenced a review of our business in Mainland China. For a further description of these matters, see "–Negative news reports in Mainland China led to a review by Chinese regulators into our business in Mainland China and caused us to temporarily modify some of our business practices in that market and resulted in fines and other monetary penalties. These temporary modifications, any similar sanctions imposed on us by the Chinese authorities and any associated adverse publicity may continue to harm our business and financial condition."

The direct selling industry in Japan continues to experience regulatory and media scrutiny, and other direct selling companies have been suspended from sponsoring activities in the past.  Japan imposes strict requirements regarding how distributors approach prospective customers.  Over the last few years, we have from time to time received warnings from regulatory agencies in certain prefectures about the number of general inquiries and complaints about us and our distributors.  In 2013, we changed our distributor sign-up process in Japan and expanded our distributor compliance, education and training efforts in Japan to address concerns expressed by Japanese regulatory agencies. However, we cannot be certain that our efforts will successfully prevent regulatory actions against us, including fines, suspensions or other sanctions, or that the company and the direct selling industry will not receive further negative media attention, all of which could harm our business.

 

 

Except in Mainland China, members of our sales force are not employees and act independently of us. The most significant area of risk for such activities relates to improper product claims and claims regarding the business opportunity of joining our sales force. We implement strict policies and procedures to ensure our sales force complies with legal requirements. However, given the size of our sales force, we experience problems from time to time. For example, product claims made by some of our sales force in 1990 and 1991 led to a United States Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") investigation that resulted in our entering into a consent agreement with the FTC and various agreements with state regulatory agencies. In addition, rulings by the South Korean Federal Trade Commission and by judicial authorities against us and other companies in South Korea indicate that vicarious liability may be imposed on us for the criminal activity of our sales force. We have also seen an increase in the use of social media by our sales force, and an increase in sales aids and promotional material produced by our sales force in some markets, increasing the burden on us to monitor compliance of such materials, and increasing the risk that such materials could contain problematic claims in violation of our policies and applicable regulations. As we expand internationally, our sales force often attempts to anticipate which markets we will open in the future and begin marketing and sponsoring activities in markets where we are not qualified to conduct business. We could face fines, suspensions or other legal action if our sales force violates applicable laws and regulations, and our reputation and brand could be negatively impacted.

If we are unable to retain our existing sales force and recruit additional people to join our sales force, our revenue will not increase and may even decline.

Our products are primarily marketed by our sales force and we depend on them to generate virtually all of our revenue. Our sales force may terminate their services at any time, and, like most direct selling companies, we experience relatively high turnover among our sales force from year to year. People who join our company to purchase our products for personal consumption or for short-term income goals frequently only stay with us for a short time. Sales Leaders who have committed time and effort to build a sales organization will generally stay for longer periods. Our sales force has highly variable levels of training, skills and capabilities. To increase our revenue, we must increase the number of and/or the productivity of our sales force.

We have experienced periodic declines in both Sales Leaders and Actives in the past and could experience such declines again in the future. If our initiatives do not drive growth in both our Sales Leaders and Actives, our operating results could be harmed. While we take many steps to help train, motivate and retain our sales force, we cannot accurately predict how the number and productivity of our sales force may fluctuate because we rely primarily upon our Sales Leaders to find new consumers, and to find, train and develop new Sales Leaders. Our operating results could be harmed if we, and our Sales Leaders, do not generate sufficient interest in our business and its products to retain and motivate our existing sales force and attract new people to join our sales force.

The number and productivity of our sales force could be harmed by several additional factors, including:

•	any adverse publicity regarding us, our products, our distribution channel, or our competitors;

•	lack of interest in, dissatisfaction with, or the technical failure of, existing or new products;

•	lack of a compelling product or income opportunity that generates interest;

•	any negative public perception of our products and their ingredients;

 

 

 

 

 

 

•	any negative public perception of our sales force and direct selling businesses in general;

•	our actions to enforce our policies and procedures;

•	any regulatory actions or charges against us or others in our industry;

•	general economic and business conditions;

•	recruiting efforts of our competitors; and

•	potential saturation or maturity levels in a given country or market which could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain our sales force in such market.

The loss of key Sales Leaders could negatively impact our growth and our revenue.

As of December 31, 2015, we had a global network of approximately 1.0 million Actives. More than 67,000 of our Actives were Sales Leaders. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 640 Sales Leaders occupied the highest level under our global sales compensation plan, and in Mainland China we have approximately 130 key Sales Leaders who play a significant role in managing our sales force in that market. These Sales Leaders, together with their extensive sales networks, generate substantially all of our revenue. As a result, the loss of a high-level Sales Leader or a group of leading Sales Leaders, whether by their own choice or through disciplinary actions by us for violations of our policies and procedures, could negatively impact our growth and our revenue.

Inability of products and other initiatives to gain or maintain sales force and market acceptance could harm our business.

Our operating results could be adversely affected if our products, business opportunities, and other initiatives do not generate sufficient enthusiasm and economic benefit to retain our existing consumers and sales force or to attract new consumers and people interested in joining our sales force. Potential factors affecting the attractiveness of our products, business opportunities, and other initiatives include, among other items, perceived product quality and value, product exclusivity or effectiveness, economic success in our business opportunity, adverse media attention or regulatory restrictions on claims. 

In addition, our ability to develop and introduce new products could be impacted by, among other items, government regulations, the inability to attract and retain qualified research and development staff, the termination of third-party research and collaborative arrangements, intellectual property of competitors that may limit our ability to offer innovative products or that challenge our own intellectual property, or problems related to manufacturing or quality control, and difficulties in anticipating changes in consumer tastes and buying preferences.

For example, in the second half of 2013, we introduced our ageLOC TR90 weight management and body shaping system. The TR90 system was designed to promote healthy weight loss and body composition rather than to rapidly maximize gross weight loss. Unrealistic product expectations and weight-loss goals, non-compliance with the TR90 weight management program and misunderstandings of the TR90 approach to healthy weight loss and body composition contributed to some reports of consumer dissatisfaction with the TR90 program. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if TR90 or any of our other products fail to gain or maintain sales force and market acceptance.

 

 

 

In addition, in our more mature markets, one of the challenges we face is keeping Sales Leaders with established businesses and high-income levels motivated and actively engaged in business building activities and in developing new Sales Leaders. There can be no assurance that our initiatives will continue to generate excitement among our sales force in the long-term or that planned initiatives will be successful in maintaining sales force activity and productivity or in motivating Sales Leaders to remain engaged in business building and developing new Sales Leaders. Some initiatives may have unanticipated negative impacts on our sales force, particularly changes to our sales compensation plans. The introduction of a new product or key initiative can also negatively impact other product lines to the extent our Sales Leaders focus their efforts on the new product or initiative. In addition, if any of our products fails to gain acceptance, we could see an increase in product returns.

Our operations in Mainland China are subject to significant government scrutiny, and we could be subject to fines or other penalties.

Our operations in Mainland China are subject to significant regulatory scrutiny. The legal system in Mainland China provides government authorities broad latitude to conduct investigations and many Chinese regulations, including those governing our business, are subject to significant interpretation, which may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Because of significant government concerns in Mainland China regarding improper direct selling activities, government regulators closely scrutinize activities of direct selling companies and activities that resemble direct selling. The government in Mainland China continues to inspect and interview the direct selling industry on a regular basis, which has and may continue to increase regulatory scrutiny of the industry and our business. Government regulators frequently make inquiries into our business activities and investigate complaints from consumers and others regarding our business. Some of these inquiries and investigations in the past have resulted in the payment of fines by us or members of our sales force, interruption of sales activities at stores and warnings. We continuously face the risk of new regulatory inquiries and investigations, and any determination that our operations or activities, or the activities of our sales employees, independent direct sellers or independent marketers, are not in compliance with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines, extended interruptions of business, and termination of necessary licenses and permits, including our direct selling and other licenses, all of which could harm our business.

We work diligently to train our sales force in Mainland China on how our Mainland China business model differs from our global business model. However, Sales Leaders in Mainland China may attend regional and global events and foreign Sales Leaders may participate in business meetings in Mainland China. Because our global model varies significantly from our Mainland China business model, mistakes may be made as to how those working in Mainland China should promote the business in Mainland China. These mistakes by our sales force may lead to government reviews and investigations of our operations in Mainland China. For example, as a result of allegations that, among other things, certain of our sales force in Mainland China failed to adequately follow and enforce our policies and regulations, in 2014 Chinese regulators commenced a review of our business model and operations in Mainland China. For a further description of these matters, see "– Negative news reports in Mainland China led to a review by Chinese regulators into our business in Mainland China and caused us to temporarily modify some of our business practices in that market and resulted in fines and other monetary penalties. These temporary modifications, any similar sanctions imposed on us by the Chinese authorities and any associated adverse publicity may continue to harm our business and financial condition."

 

 

 

Negative news reports in Mainland China led to a review by Chinese regulators into our business in Mainland China and caused us to temporarily modify some of our business practices in that market and resulted in fines and other monetary penalties. These temporary modifications, any similar sanctions imposed on us by the Chinese authorities and any associated adverse publicity may continue to harm our business and financial condition.

In January 2014, a series of articles were published by prominent media outlets in Mainland China. These articles contained a number of allegations including that our compensation practices violated Chinese regulations against pyramid and multi-level sales organizations, that our recruiting and training techniques were unlawful or inappropriate, that some of our products were not licensed for sale in Mainland China, that certain of our products were causing adverse reactions in some users and that our employees had taken actions to "hush up" these problems, that certain of our sales force had misrepresented the scientific efficacy of our products and the nature and extent of our connections with the scientific advisors who have helped in developing or testing our products and that certain of our sales people have falsely claimed endorsement of our products by public figures, media outlets and organizations.

Under the direction of Mainland China's State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce, where our Mainland China business is headquartered, and the Beijing Administration for Industry and Commerce, where we maintain a branch office, investigated the allegations. Administrations for Industry and Commerce in other provinces also made inquiries regarding these allegations. As a result of this regulatory review, Nu Skin China was fined in March 2014 in the amount of $524,000 (RMB 3.3 million) for the sale of certain products by independent direct sellers that, while permitted for sale in Nu Skin China's retail stores, were not registered for the direct selling channel. Nu Skin China was also fined $16,000 (RMB 0.1 million) for product claims that were deemed to lack sufficient documentary support. Fines in an aggregate amount of $241,000 (RMB 1.5 million) were also imposed for unauthorized promotional activities by six of our sales employees. In addition, Nu Skin China was asked to enhance the education and supervision of its sales representatives.

In January 2014, in response to this media and regulatory scrutiny, we voluntarily took a number of actions in Mainland China, including temporarily suspending our business promotional meetings, temporarily suspending acceptance of applications for new sales representatives, and extending our product refund and return policies. Following completion of this government review, in May 2014 we resumed business meetings and acceptance of applications for new sales representatives in Mainland China. Adverse publicity and the suspension of business promotional meetings and acceptance of applications have had a significant negative impact on our revenue and number of Sales Leaders and Actives. We continue to act cautiously to properly educate and train our sales force. We may encounter unanticipated complications or other difficulties in rebuilding our business in Mainland China, which could further impact our business negatively. Continuing media and regulatory scrutiny and investigations in Mainland China, and any further actions taken by us or by regulators, could negatively impact our revenue, sales force and business in this market, including the interruption of sales activities, loss of licenses, and the imposition of fines, and any other adverse actions or events.

If direct selling regulations in Mainland China are modified, interpreted or enforced in a manner that results in negative changes to our business model or the imposition of a range of potential penalties, our business would be significantly negatively impacted.

The government of Mainland China has adopted direct selling and anti-pyramiding regulations that impose significant restrictions and limitations on the way we do business. Most notably, the regulations include a restriction on the use of multi-level compensation, which is the basis of how we compensate our sales force outside of Mainland China. We have structured our business model in Mainland China based on several factors: the guidance we have received from government officials, our interpretation of applicable regulations, our understanding of the practices of other international direct selling companies operating in Mainland China, and our understanding as to how regulators are interpreting and enforcing the regulations. In Mainland China, we utilize sales employees to sell products through our retail stores and website, independent direct sellers who can sell away from our stores where we have obtained direct selling licenses, and independent marketers who are licensed business owners authorized to sell our products either at their own approved premises or through our stores. We generally compensate our Sales Leaders at a level that is competitive with other direct selling companies in the market and reflective of the compensation of our Sales Leaders globally. The nature of the political, regulatory and legal systems in Mainland China gives regulatory agencies at both the local and central levels of government broad discretion to interpret and enforce regulations as they deem appropriate to promote social order. We face a risk that regulators may change the way in which they currently interpret and enforce the direct selling regulations, or that such regulations may be modified.

 

 

 

As described above, Chinese regulators have reviewed issues raised by news reports relating to our business model and operations in Mainland China. For a further description of these matters, see "–Negative news reports in Mainland China led to a review by Chinese regulators into our business in Mainland China and caused us to temporarily modify some of our business practices in that market and resulted in fines and other monetary penalties. These temporary modifications, any similar sanctions imposed on us by the Chinese authorities and any associated adverse publicity may continue to harm our business and financial condition." If our business practices are found to be in violation of applicable regulations as they may be interpreted or enforced, in particular our use of the sales productivity of a Sales Leader and the sales representatives that such Sales Leader leads and supervises in setting his/her salary on a quarterly basis, then we could be sanctioned and/or required to change our business model, either of which could significantly harm our business.

Our ability to expand our business in Mainland China could be negatively impacted if we are unable to obtain additional necessary national and local government approvals in Mainland China.

As of January 31, 2016, we have obtained direct selling licenses in 34 cities in 22 provinces and municipalities in Mainland China. In order to expand our direct selling model into additional provinces, we currently must obtain a series of approvals from district, city, provincial and national government agencies with respect to each province in which we wish to expand. The process for obtaining the necessary government approvals to conduct direct selling continues to evolve and is lengthy, as we are required to work with a large number of provincial, city, district and national government authorities. The complexity of the approval process as well as the government's continued cautious approach as direct selling develops in Mainland China makes it difficult to predict the timeline for obtaining these approvals. Furthermore, any media or regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China could increase the time and difficulty we may face in obtaining additional licenses. If media or regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China results in significant delays in obtaining licenses elsewhere in Mainland China, or if the current processes for obtaining approvals are delayed further for any reason or are changed or interpreted differently than currently understood, our ability to receive direct selling licenses in Mainland China and our growth prospects in this market, could be negatively impacted.

If we are not able to register products for sale in Mainland China, our business could be harmed.

We face lengthy timelines with respect to product registrations in Mainland China. The process for obtaining product permits and licenses may require extended periods of time that may prevent us from launching new product initiatives in Mainland China on the same timelines as other markets around the world. For example, products marketed in Mainland China as "health foods" are subject to extensive laboratory and clinical analysis by government authorities, and the product registration process in Mainland China generally takes one to two years, but may be substantially longer. We market both "health foods" and "general foods" in Mainland China. There is some risk associated with the common practice in Mainland China of marketing a product as a "general food" while seeking "health food" classification. If government officials feel the categorization of our products is inconsistent with product claims, ingredients or function, this could end or limit our ability to market such products in Mainland China in their current form.

 

 

 

 

As we expand our direct selling channel, we face additional product marketing restrictions, compared to our retail store channel. Under applicable direct selling regulations in Mainland China, we can only register our own manufactured products for direct selling and we are not permitted to market or sell "general foods" through our direct sales channel. Some products have traditionally been manufactured by third parties. If we cannot successfully implement our own manufacturing of these products, we will not be able to sell these products through the direct sales channel. Any efforts by our independent direct sellers to market and sell general food products or third-party manufactured products we currently sell through our retail stores could result in negative publicity, fines and other government sanctions being imposed against us.

Our business could be negatively impacted if we fail to execute our product launch process or ongoing product sales due to difficulty in forecasting or increased pressure on our supply chain, information systems and management.

Although our product launch process may vary by market and by product, we generally launch new key products in a market by first previewing them to key Sales Leaders in the market. We then introduce the products to our sales force and consumers in the market through limited-time offers. Limited-time offers typically generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which often results in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter of the limited-time offer and skews year-over-year and sequential comparisons. We may experience difficulty effectively managing growth associated with these limited-time offers and may face increased risk of improper sales force activities and related government scrutiny. In addition, the size and condensed schedule of these product launches increases pressure on our supply chain and order processing systems. If we are unable to accurately forecast sales levels in each market for product launches or ongoing product sales, obtain sufficient ingredients or produce a sufficient supply to meet demand, we may incur higher expedited shipping costs and we may temporarily run out of stock of certain products, which could negatively impact the enthusiasm of our sales force and consumers. Conversely, if demand does not meet our expectations for a product launch or ongoing product sales or if we change our planned launch strategies or initiatives, we could incur inventory write-downs. For example, heightened media and regulatory scrutiny in Mainland China in the first part of 2014 and the voluntary actions we took in response to such scrutiny had a negative impact on the size of our limited-time offer in June 2014, which significantly reduced our expectations for a subsequent limited-time offer. This resulted in a $50.0 million write-down of estimated surplus inventory primarily in Mainland China during the second quarter of 2014. We similarly incurred a $37.9 million write-down of estimated surplus inventory primarily in the Greater China region in the third quarter of 2015 due to reduced expectations for future product sales. Any additional write-down of inventory in any of our markets would negatively impact our gross margins. Although our previous limited-time offers have not materially affected our product return rate, these events may increase our product return rate in the future. If we fail to effectively forecast or manage our supply chain and information systems in the product launch process or for ongoing product sales, our reputation and profitability could be negatively impacted.

 

 

 

 

If our ageLOC Spa systems or Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner are determined to be medical devices in a particular geographic market or if our sales force uses these products for medical purposes or makes improper medical claims, our ability to continue to market and distribute such tools could be harmed, and we could face legal or regulatory actions.

One of our strategies is to market unique and innovative products and tools that allow our sales force to distinguish our products, including our ageLOC Spa systems or Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner. Any determination by regulatory authorities in our markets that these products must receive clearance or be registered as medical devices could restrict our ability to import or sell the product in such market until registration is obtained. While we have not been required to register our ageLOC Spa systems or Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner as medical devices in most of our markets, we have registered our facial spa as a medical device in Indonesia, Thailand and Colombia. In addition, we have received clearance from the United States Food and Drug Administration to market a facial spa device for over-the-counter use. There have been legislative proposals in Singapore and Malaysia relating to the regulation of medical devices that could affect the way we market our ageLOC Spa systems and Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner in these countries. In addition, if our sales force attempts to import or export products from one market to another in violation of our policy or is making medical claims regarding our products or using our products to perform medical diagnoses or other activities limited to licensed professionals or approved medical devices (in markets where the product is not approved), it could negatively impact our ability to market or sell these products and subject us to legal or regulatory actions. For example, in January 2016, our Taiwan subsidiary received a notification of charges related to alleged violations of local law by our Taiwan subsidiary and certain employees and Taiwan distributors. The notice alleges that ageLOC Spa devices were inappropriately sold in Taiwan in 2011 and 2012. Our Taiwan subsidiary has never sold the ageLOC Spa device in Taiwan, and intends to vigorously contest these charges. The alleged violations carry a maximum fine payable by our Taiwan subsidiary of up to NT$100,000 (US$3,000). In addition, individuals involved could face similar fines and possible jail sentences of up to three years.

Where necessary, obtaining medical device registrations and clearances could require us to provide documentation concerning product manufacturing and clinical utility, to make design, specification and manufacturing process modifications to meet standards imposed on medical device companies, and to modify our marketing claims regarding the registered product. While we successfully obtained clearance to market a facial spa device for over-the-counter use in the United States, and registered a facial spa unit as a medical device in Indonesia, Thailand and Colombia, because medical device regulations vary widely from country to country, there can be no assurance we will not face challenges or delays in obtaining clearance in other markets, or that we will be able to make any required modifications or provide documentation necessary to obtain clearance. If we obtain such medical device clearance in order to sell a product in one market, such clearance may be used as precedent for requiring similar approval for the product in another market, or for similar products in the same market. These additional requirements could increase the cost associated with manufacturing and selling these products as non-medical devices in such markets.

Laws and regulations may prohibit or severely restrict direct selling and cause our revenue and profitability to decline, and regulators could adopt new regulations that harm our business.

Various government agencies throughout the world regulate direct sales practices. Laws and regulations in Japan, South Korea and Mainland China are particularly stringent and subject to broad discretion in enforcement by regulators. These laws and regulations are generally intended to prevent fraudulent or deceptive schemes, often referred to as "pyramid schemes," that compensate participants primarily for recruiting additional participants without significant emphasis on product sales to consumers. The laws and regulations in our current markets often:

 

 

 

 

 

•	impose order cancellations, product returns, inventory buy-backs and cooling-off periods for our sales force and consumers;

•	require us, or our sales force, to register with government agencies;

•	impose limits on the amount of sales compensation we can pay;

•	impose reporting requirements; and

•	require that we ensure, among other things, that our sales force maintain levels of product sales to qualify to receive commissions and that our sales force is compensated primarily for selling products and not for recruiting others.

Complying with these widely varying and sometimes inconsistent rules and regulations can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and may require significant resources. The laws and regulations governing direct selling are modified from time to time, and, like other direct selling companies, we are subject from time to time to government investigations in our various markets related to our direct selling activities. This can require us to make changes to our business model and aspects of our sales compensation plan in the markets impacted by such changes and investigations. In addition, countries where we currently do business could change their laws or regulations to prohibit direct selling. If we are unable to continue business in existing markets or commence operations in new markets because of these laws, our revenue and profitability may decline.

Limits on the amount of sales compensation we pay could inhibit our ability to attract and retain our sales force, negatively impact our revenue and cause regulatory risks.

Several countries, including Mainland China, South Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam, impose limits on the amount of sales compensation we can pay to our sales force. For example, under regulations in Mainland China, direct selling companies may pay independent direct sellers in Mainland China up to a maximum 30% of the revenue they generate through their own sales of products to consumers. Additionally, in South Korea, local regulations limit sales compensation paid to distributors in that market to 35% of our total revenue in South Korea. These regulations limit the incentive for people to join our sales force and may reduce our ability to differentiate ourselves from our competitors in attracting and retaining our sales force.

In addition, we have been required to modify our sales compensation plan in certain countries, including South Korea, from time to time to remain in compliance with applicable sales compensation limits. Because sales compensation, as a percentage of revenue, can fluctuate as sales force productivity fluctuates, we may be required to make further changes to stay within applicable sales compensation limits or may be at risk of exceeding them. In addition, which revenues and expenses are within the scope of these regulations is not always clear, and interpretation and enforcement of these laws are subject to change, which could require us to make further changes or result in non-compliance with these regulations. Any failure to keep sales compensation within the limits in China, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam or any other country that imposes a sales compensation limit could result in fines or other sanctions, including suspensions.

 

 

 

 

Challenges to the form of our network marketing system could harm our business.

We may be subject to challenges by government regulators regarding the form of our network marketing system. Legal and regulatory requirements concerning the direct-selling industry generally do not include "bright line" rules and are inherently fact-based and subject to interpretation. As a result, regulators and courts have discretion in their application of these laws and regulations, and the enforcement or interpretation of these laws and regulations by government agencies or courts can change. We are aware of ongoing investigations and legal actions against other companies in the direct selling industry. An adverse ruling in these investigations or legal actions could impact our business if direct selling laws or anti-pyramid laws are interpreted more narrowly or in a manner that results in additional burdens or restrictions on direct selling companies. For example, the FTC recently took aggressive actions against a multi-level marketing company, alleging an illegal business model and improper earnings claims.

We could also be subject to challenges by private parties in civil actions. We are aware of recent civil actions against some of our competitors in the United States, which have and may in the future result in significant settlements. Allegations by short sellers directed at us and our competitors regarding the legality of multi-level marketing in various markets have also created intense public scrutiny of us and our industry. Our business has also been subject to such formal and informal inquiries from various government regulatory authorities in the past regarding our business and our compliance with local laws and regulations. All of these actions and any future government scrutiny of us or our industry could generate negative publicity or further regulatory actions that could result in fines, restrict our ability to conduct our business in our various markets, enter into new markets, motivate our sales force and attract consumers.

Government regulations and private party actions relating to the marketing and advertising of our products and services may restrict, inhibit or delay our ability to sell our products and harm our business.

Government authorities regulate advertising and product claims regarding the efficacy and benefits of our products. These regulatory authorities typically require adequate and reliable scientific substantiation to support any marketing claims. What constitutes such reliable scientific substantiation can vary widely from market to market and there is no assurance that the research and development efforts that we undertake to support our claims will be deemed adequate for any particular product or claim. If we are unable to show adequate and reliable scientific substantiation for our product claims, or our marketing materials or the marketing materials of our sales force make claims that exceed the scope of allowed claims for dietary supplements, cosmetics or tools that we offer, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could take enforcement action requiring us to revise our marketing materials, amend our claims or stop selling certain products, which could harm our business.

 

For example, in 2012, the FDA issued warning letters to several cosmetic companies alleging improper structure/function claims regarding their cosmetic products, including, for example, product claims regarding gene activity, cellular rejuvenation, and rebuilding collagen. There is a degree of subjectivity in determining whether a claim is an improper structure/function claim. Given this subjectivity and our research and development focus on the sources of aging and the influence of certain ingredients on gene expression, there is a risk that we could receive a warning letter, be required to modify our product claims or take other actions to satisfy the FDA if the FDA determines any of our marketing materials include improper structure/function claims for our cosmetic products. In addition, plaintiffs' lawyers have filed class action lawsuits against some of our competitors after our competitors received these FDA warning letters. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to government actions or class action lawsuits, which could harm our business.

 

 

 

 

In 2009 in the United States, the FTC approved revisions to its Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising ("Guides") that require disclosure of material connections between an endorser and the company they are endorsing and generally do not allow marketing using atypical results. Our sales force has historically used testimonials and "before and after" photos to market and sell some of our popular products such as our ageLOC Spa systems and ageLOC Transformation anti-aging skin care system. We intend to continue to use testimonials for our popular products, including weight management products. In highly regulated and scrutinized product categories such as weight management, if we or our sales force fails to comply with the Guides or makes improper product claims, the FTC could bring an enforcement action against us and we could be fined and/or forced to alter our marketing materials.

Regulations governing the registration or pre-approval of our products could harm our business.

Our products are subject to numerous domestic and foreign government agencies' and authorities' laws and extensive regulations governing the ingredients and products that may be marketed without pre-market approval and/or registration as a drug or medical device. Many of these laws and regulations involve a high level of subjectivity, are inherently fact-based and subject to interpretation, and vary significantly from market to market. These laws and regulations can also limit the claims we can make regarding our products and often restrict our ability to introduce products or ingredients into one or more markets.

At times these laws and regulations may delay or prevent us altogether from launching a product in a market, require us to reformulate a product or limit or amend the claims made regarding a product. If these laws and regulations further restrict, inhibit or delay our ability to introduce or market our products or limit the claims we are able to make regarding our products, our business may be harmed.

For example, in the United States some legislators and industry critics have pushed for years to increase regulatory authority by the FDA over nutritional supplements. In 2011, the FDA proposed draft guidance to clarify the FDA's interpretation of the dietary ingredient notification requirements. This draft guidance is not final yet but appears to indicate that the FDA is expanding its definition of what is considered a "new dietary ingredient" in the United States. The industry has worked with the FDA for several years, providing comments to the FDA to modify this guidance. While still in flux, if enacted in final form as proposed, this guidance could impose new and significant regulatory barriers for our nutritional supplement products or unique ingredients, which could delay or inhibit our ability to formulate, introduce and sell nutritional supplements as we have in the past.

We face similar pressures in our other markets, including Europe, which continues to set new limits on acceptable maximum levels of various vitamins and minerals. In Europe, for example, we are unable to market supplements that contain ingredients that were not marketed in Europe prior to May 1997 ("novel foods") without going through an extensive registration and pre-market approval process.

Such regulations in any given market can also limit our ability to import products and can delay product launches as we go through the registration and approval process for those products. Furthermore, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we could face enforcement action, and we could be fined or forced to alter or stop selling our products.

New regulations governing the introduction, marketing and sale of our products to consumers could harm our business.

Our operations could be harmed if new laws or regulations are enacted that restrict our ability to market or distribute our products or impose additional burdens or requirements on us in order to continue selling our products. We have observed a general increase in regulatory activity and activism in the United States and across many markets globally where we operate and the regulatory landscape is becoming more complex with increasingly strict requirements. If this trend continues, we may find it necessary to alter some of the ways we have traditionally marketed our products in order to stay in compliance with a changing regulatory landscape and this could add to the costs of our operations and/or have an adverse impact on our business.

 

 

 

 

Our operations could be harmed if we are found not to be in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices.

In the United States, FDA regulations on Good Manufacturing Practices and Adverse Event Reporting requirements for the nutritional supplement industry require us and our vendors to maintain good manufacturing processes, including stringent vendor qualifications, ingredient identification, manufacturing controls and record keeping. The ingredient identification requirement, which requires us to confirm the levels, identity and potency of ingredients listed on our product labels within a narrow range, is particularly burdensome and difficult for us with respect to our product formulations, which contain many different ingredients. We are also required to report serious adverse events associated with consumer use of our products. Our operations could be harmed if regulatory authorities make determinations that we, or our vendors, are not in compliance with these regulations or public reporting of adverse events harms our reputation for quality and safety. A finding of noncompliance may result in administrative warnings, penalties or actions impacting our ability to continue selling certain products. In addition, compliance with these regulations has increased and may further increase the cost of manufacturing certain of our products as we work with our vendors to assure they are qualified and in compliance.

The loss of suppliers or shortages in ingredients could harm our business.

We acquire ingredients and products from third-party suppliers and manufacturers. A loss of any of these suppliers and any difficulties in finding or transitioning to alternative suppliers could harm our business. In addition, we obtain some of our products, including our ageLOC Spa systems and Tru Face Essence products from sole suppliers that own or control the product formulations, ingredients or other intellectual property rights associated with such products. We also license the right to distribute some of our products from third parties. In the event we are unable to renew these contracts, we may need to discontinue some products or develop substitute products, which could harm our revenue. In addition, if we experience supply shortages or regulatory impediments with respect to the raw materials and ingredients we use in our products, we may need to seek alternative supplies or suppliers and may experience difficulties in finding ingredients that are comparable in quality and price. For example, some of our nutritional products, including g3 juice and ageLOC Youth (Youthspan or Y-Span in some markets) incorporate unique natural ingredients that are only harvested once a year and may have limited global supplies. If demand exceeds forecasts, we may have difficulties in obtaining additional supplies to meet the excess demand until the next growing season. If we are unable to successfully respond to such issues, our business could be harmed.

Production difficulties, quality control problems, inaccurate forecasting and reliance on third-party suppliers could harm our business.

Production difficulties, quality control problems, inaccurate forecasting and our reliance on third party suppliers to manufacture and deliver products that meet our specifications in a timely manner could harm our business. Occasionally, we have experienced production difficulties with respect to our products, including the availability of raw materials and products that do not meet our specifications and quality control standards. These production difficulties and quality problems have in the past, and could in the future, result in stock outages or shortages in our markets with respect to such products, harm our sales, or create inventory write-downs for unusable products.

 

 

 

 

Our ageLOC Me personalized skin care system includes multiple new product formulations and a new proprietary hands-free dispenser.  By gathering information from consumers through a series of questions on a mobile-device app, ageLOC Me enables consumers to personalize a daily regimen based on individual preferences and skin care needs.  It is possible that the product formulations, dispenser and degree of customization will not meet consumers' expectations.  Because of the novelty of this system, there could be manufacturing, quality control or other technical problems or consumer issues with the dispenser, and the product formulations and customization might not be compatible with consumers' skin sensitivities and selected preferences.  The system contains a large number of SKUs, and there is a degree of unpredictability in forecasting inventory needs globally due to the complexity and number of customized cartridges available.  Any problems with ageLOC Me or our other products could lead to an increase in product returns or stock-outs and negatively impact our reputation, revenue and profitability.

Product diversion to certain markets, including Mainland China, may have a negative impact on our business.

We see our products being sold through online or other distribution channels in certain markets. Although we continually take steps to control this activity, particularly for products sold in Mainland China, product diversion continues to be a challenge. Product diversion causes confusion regarding our distribution channels and negatively impacts the ability of our sales force to sell our products. It also creates a negative impression regarding the viability of the business opportunity for our sales force, which can harm our ability to recruit new people to join our sales force. Product diversion schemes may also involve illegal importation, investment or other activities and harm our brand if gray market or counterfeit goods are passed off as our own. If we are unable to effectively address this issue or if diversion increases, our business could be harmed.

Our sales compensation plans include some components that differ from market to market. We modify components of our sales compensation plans from time to time to keep our sales compensation plans competitive and attractive to our existing sales force and people interested in joining our sales force, to address changing market dynamics, to provide incentives to our sales force that we believe will help grow our business, to conform to local regulations and to address other business needs. Because of the size of our sales force and the complexity of our sales compensation plans, it is difficult to predict how such changes will be viewed by our sales force and whether such changes will achieve their desired results. For example, certain changes we made to our sales compensation plan in the past, which were successful in several markets, did not achieve anticipated results in certain other markets and negatively impacted our business.

In addition, we have been required to modify our compensation plan in certain countries, including South Korea, from time to time to remain in compliance with applicable commission limits. Changes to reduce commission payout have had a negative impact on the sales force in the past and could in the future.

Adverse publicity concerning our business, marketing plan, products or people could harm our business and reputation.

Growth in our sales force and consumers and our results of operations can be particularly impacted by adverse publicity regarding us, the nature of our direct selling business models, our products or the actions of our sales force and employees. Given the nature of our operations and our continuous need to recruit and retain consumers and members of our sales force, we are particularly vulnerable to adverse publicity. Specifically, we are susceptible to adverse publicity concerning:

 

 

 

 

•	suspicions about the legality and ethics of network marketing;

•	continued media or regulatory scrutiny regarding our business in Mainland China;

•	government fines in Mainland China;

•	the safety or effectiveness of ingredients in our or our competitors' products;

•	investigations, legal actions, or mandatory or voluntary product recalls involving us, our competitors, or our respective products;

•	the actions of our current or former sales force and employees; and

•	public perceptions of the direct selling industry or the nutritional or personal care industry generally.

In addition, in the past we have experienced negative publicity that has harmed our business in connection with investigations, inquiries and legal actions. Critics of our industry, short sellers and other individuals who want to pursue an agenda have in the past and may in the future utilize the Internet, the press and other means to publish criticisms of the industry, our company and our competitors, or make allegations regarding our business and operations, or the business and operations of our competitors. We or others in our industry may receive similar negative publicity or allegations in the future, and it may harm our business and reputation.

Non-compliance with anti-corruption laws could harm our business.

Our international operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA"). Allegations that we are not in compliance with anti-corruption laws may require us to dedicate time and resources to an internal investigation of the allegations or may result in a government investigation. Any determination that our operations or activities are not in compliance with existing anti-corruption laws or regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines and other penalties from U.S. or other regulatory entities. Although we have implemented anti-corruption policies, controls and training globally to prevent violation of these laws, we cannot be certain that these efforts will be effective. In 2014, one of our competitors entered into a large settlement with U.S. regulators related to allegations that its employees violated the FCPA in Mainland China and other markets.

Our ability to conduct business in international markets may be affected by political, legal, tax and regulatory risks.

Our ability to capitalize on growth in new international markets and to maintain the current level of operations in our existing international markets is exposed to risks associated with our international operations, including:

•	the possibility that a foreign government might ban or severely restrict our direct selling business model;

 

 

 

 

 

 

•	the possibility that local civil unrest, political instability or changes in diplomatic or trade relationships might disrupt our operations in an international market;

•	the lack of well-established or reliable legal systems in certain areas where we operate;

•	the presence of high inflation in the economies of international markets in which we operate;

•	the possibility that a government authority might impose legal, tax, customs, or other financial burdens on us or our sales force, due, for example, to the structure of our operations in various markets;

•	the possibility that a government authority might challenge the status of our sales force as independent contractors or impose employment or social taxes on our sales force; and

•	the possibility that governments may impose currency remittance restrictions limiting our ability to repatriate cash.

We depend on our key personnel, and the loss of the services provided by any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business and results of operations.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our senior and regional management, many of whom would be difficult to replace. Our senior and regional management employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. In addition, we need to continue to attract and develop qualified management personnel to sustain growth in our markets. If we are not able to successfully retain existing personnel and identify, hire and integrate new personnel, our business and growth prospects could be harmed.

Government authorities may question our tax or customs positions or change their laws in a manner that could increase our effective tax rate or otherwise harm our business.

As a U.S. company doing business globally, we are subject to all applicable tax and customs laws, including those relating to intercompany pricing regulations and transactions between our corporate entities in the jurisdictions in which we do business. Periodically, we are audited by tax and customs authorities around the world. If authorities challenge our tax or customs positions, including those regarding transfer pricing and customs valuation and classification, we may be subject to penalties, interest and payment of back taxes or customs duties. Since tax rates vary from country to country, any tax assessments might also impact the ability to fully utilize foreign tax credits on our U.S. consolidated tax return. The tax and customs laws in each jurisdiction are continually changing and are further subject to interpretation by the local government agencies. We have experienced increased efforts by customs authorities in some countries to reclassify our products or otherwise increase the level of duties we pay on our products. Despite our best efforts to be aware of and comply with tax and customs laws, including changes to and interpretations thereof, there is a potential risk that the local authorities may argue that we are out of compliance. Such situations may require that we defend our positions and/or adjust our operating procedures in response to such changes. Any or all of these potential risks may increase our effective tax rate or otherwise harm our business.

We may be held responsible for certain taxes or assessments relating to the activities of our independent distributors, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.

Generally, our independent distributors are subject to taxation in their country of residency. In some jurisdictions, government agencies impose an obligation on us to collect taxes and to maintain appropriate records. Furthermore, in some jurisdictions, we are subject to the risk of being responsible for social security and similar taxes with respect to our independent distributors. In the event that local laws and regulations, or the interpretation of local laws and regulations, change to require us to treat our independent distributors as employees, or that our independent distributors are deemed by local regulatory authorities in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we operate to be our employees rather than independent contractors under existing laws and interpretations, we may be held responsible for social security and related taxes in those jurisdictions, plus any related assessments and penalties, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.  If our independent distributors were deemed to be employees rather than independent contractors, we would also face the risk of increased liability for their actions.

 

 

 

 

 

The loss of or a disruption in our manufacturing and distribution operations could adversely affect our business.

As of December 31, 2015, our principal properties consisted of our corporate headquarters and other office locations, distribution centers and warehouses, research and development centers, manufacturing facilities, retail stores and service centers located in many of our markets. Additionally, we also use third party manufacturers to manufacture many of our key products. As a company engaged in manufacturing, distribution and research and development on a global scale, we are subject to the risks inherent in such activities, including industrial accidents, environmental events, fires, strikes and other labor or industrial disputes, disruptions in logistics or information systems, loss or impairment of key manufacturing or distribution sites, import and export restrictions or delays, product quality control, safety, licensing requirements and other regulatory or government issues, as well as natural disasters, pandemics, border disputes, acts of terrorism and other external factors over which we have no control. For example, the earthquake and tsunami in 2011 disrupted our operations in Japan and negatively impacted our operating results. These risks may be exacerbated by our efforts to increase facility consolidation covering our manufacturing, distribution and supply footprints or if we are unable to successfully enhance our disaster recovery planning. The loss of, or damage to, any of our facilities or centers, or that of our third party manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Disruptions to transportation channels that we use to distribute our products to international warehouses may adversely affect our margins and profitability in those markets.

We may experience disruptions to the transportation channels used to distribute our products, including increased airport and shipping port congestion, a lack of transportation capacity, increased fuel expenses, import or export controls or delays, and labor disputes or shortages. Disruptions in our container shipments may result in increased costs, including the additional use of airfreight to meet demand. Congestion to ports can affect previously negotiated contracts with shipping companies, resulting in unexpected increases in shipping costs and reduction in our profitability.

Our markets are intensely competitive and market conditions and the strengths of competitors may harm our business.

The markets for our products are intensely competitive. Our results of operations may be harmed by market conditions and competition in the future. Many competitors have much greater name recognition and financial resources than we have, which may give them a competitive advantage. For example, our Nu Skin products compete directly with branded, premium retail products. We also compete with other direct selling organizations. Because of regulatory restrictions concerning claims about the efficacy of personal care products and dietary supplements, we may have difficulty differentiating our products from our competitors' products, and competing products entering the personal care and nutritional market could harm our revenue. In addition, our business may be negatively impacted if we fail to adequately adapt to trends in consumer behavior and technologies.

 

 

 

 

We also compete with other direct selling companies to attract and retain our sales force and consumers. Some of these competitors have longer operating histories and greater visibility, name recognition and financial resources than we do. Some of our competitors have also adopted and could continue to adopt some of our successful business strategies, including our global sales compensation plan. Consequently, to successfully compete in this industry, and attract and retain our sales force and consumers, we must ensure that our business opportunities and sales compensation plans are financially rewarding. We believe we have significant competitive advantages, but we cannot assure that we will be able to continue to successfully compete in this industry.

We may incur product liability claims that could harm our business.

We sell products for human consumption and use. Our dietary supplement products consist of vitamins, minerals, botanicals and other ingredients that are classified as foods or dietary supplements. Our personal care products are cosmetic and other beautifying products intended to be used on the body and skin. These products are not generally subject to pre-market approval or registration processes so we cannot rely upon a government safety panel to qualify or approve our products for use, and some ingredients may not have long histories of human consumption or use. We rely upon published and unpublished safety information including clinical studies on ingredients used in our products and conduct our own clinical and safety studies on some key ingredients and products, but not all products. A product may be safe for the general population when consumed or used as directed but could cause an adverse reaction for a person who has a health condition or allergies, or who is taking a prescription medication. While we include what we believe are adequate instructions and warnings and we have historically had low numbers of reported reactions, previously unknown adverse reactions could occur. If we discover that our products are causing adverse reactions, or if we determine that any of our employees have not properly handled reports of adverse reactions, we could suffer further adverse publicity or government sanctions.

As a result of the type of products that we sell, we may be subject to various product liability claims, including that the products fail to meet quality or manufacturing specifications, contain contaminants, include inadequate instructions as to their proper use, include inadequate warnings concerning side effects and interactions with other substances or for persons with health conditions or allergies, or cause adverse reactions or side effects. Consumer protection laws and regulations governing our business continue to expand, and in some states such as California, class-action lawsuits based on increasingly novel theories or liability are expanding. Product liability claims could increase our costs, and adversely affect our business and financial results. As we continue to offer an increasing number of new products through larger scale, limited-time offers our product liability risk may increase.

If our sales force or employees provide improper or inappropriate advice regarding our products, their use or safety, we may be subject to additional product liability.

We have generally elected to self-insure our product liability risks. We continue to periodically evaluate whether we can and should obtain product liability insurance. Based upon our current approach to product liability risk management, if any of our products are found to cause any injury or damage or we become subject to product liability claims, we will be subject to the full amount of liability associated with any injuries or damages. This liability could be substantial and may exceed our existing reserves and harm our business.

 

 

 

 

Our intellectual property may infringe on the rights of others, resulting in costly litigation.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. In particular, there has been an increase in the filing of suits alleging infringement of intellectual property rights, which pressure defendants into entering settlement arrangements quickly to dispose of such suits, regardless of their merit. Other companies or individuals may allege that we, or our sales force, consumers, licensees or other parties indemnified by us infringe on their intellectual property rights. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, defending such intellectual property litigation can be costly, distract management's attention and resources, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our products. Any of these results may adversely affect our financial condition.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our ability to compete could be negatively impacted.

The market for our products depends to a significant extent upon the value associated with our product innovations and our brand equity. We rely upon patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and similar laws in other countries, and non-disclosure, confidentiality and other types of agreements with our employees, sales force, consumers, suppliers and other parties, to establish, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit us to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly product redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain product offerings or other competitive harm. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries where we have significant business, including markets such as Mainland China, do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The costs required to protect our patents and trademarks may be substantial or even not practical. We have filed patent applications to protect our intellectual property rights in our new technologies, however, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved and issue, that any patents issued will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents will not be challenged by third parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, many of our products rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all.

To enforce and protect our intellectual property rights, we may initiate litigation against third parties, such as patent infringement suits or interference proceedings and seek indemnification by contract or otherwise. Any lawsuits that we initiate could be expensive, take significant time and divert management's attention from other business concerns, and we may ultimately fail to prevail or recover on any indemnification claim. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may adversely affect our financial condition or diminish our investments in this area.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes and know-how. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors and third parties. Our employees may leave to work for competitors. Our distributors or Sales Leaders may seek other opportunities. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our current or former employees, distributors, Sales Leaders, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and adversely affect our financial condition.

 

 

 

 

We may be subject to claims that we, or our employees, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of our employees' former employers.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other personal care product or nutritional supplement companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. To the extent that our employees are involved in research areas that are similar to those in which they were involved with their former employers, we may be subject to claims that such employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims.

Any future acquisitions may expose us to additional risks.

From time to time we review acquisition prospects that would complement our current product offerings, increase the size and geographic scope of our operations or otherwise offer growth and operating efficiency opportunities. The financing for any of these acquisitions could dilute the interests of our stockholders, result in an increase in our indebtedness or both. Acquisitions may entail numerous risks, including:

•	difficulties in assimilating acquired operations or products, including the loss of key employees from acquired businesses and disruption to our direct selling channel;

•	diversion of management's attention from our core business;

•	adverse effects on existing business relationships with our suppliers, sales force or consumers; and

•	risks associated with entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience.

Our failure to successfully complete the integration of any acquired business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate acquisitions on favorable terms.

Any failure of our internal controls over financial reporting or our compliance efforts could harm our stock price and our financial and operating results or could result in fines or penalties.

We have implemented internal controls to help ensure the accuracy of our financial reporting and have implemented compliance policies and programs to help ensure that our employees and sales force comply with applicable laws and regulations. Our internal audit team regularly audits our internal controls and various aspects of our business, and we regularly assess the effectiveness of our internal controls. There can be no assurance, however, that our internal or external assessments and audits will identify all significant or material weaknesses in our internal controls. Any failure to correct a weakness in internal controls could result in the disclosure of a material weakness. If a material weakness results in a material misstatement in our financial results, we may also have to restate our financial statements.

 

 

 

 

For example, as initially disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 12, 2014, as of March 31, 2014, we did not maintain effective controls over the presentation and disclosure of hyper-inflationary accounting for our Venezuela subsidiary. As a result of this material weakness, our management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of March 31, 2014, June 30, 2014 and September 30, 2014, and decided to restate our consolidated financial statements and the related evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures for the three-month period ended March 31, 2014.

From time to time, we initiate further investigations into our business operations based on the results of our internal and external audits or on complaints, questions or allegations made by employees or other parties regarding our business practices and operations. In addition, our business and operations may be investigated by applicable government authorities. In the event any of these investigations identify material violations of applicable laws by our employees or our sales force, we could be subject to adverse publicity, fines, penalties or loss of licenses or permits.

System failures could harm our business.

With global operations and a complex sales compensation plan, our business is highly dependent on efficiently functioning information technology systems. Our systems may be damaged or disrupted by fires, floods, earthquakes or other natural disasters, telecommunications failures, break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and similar misconduct. We have adopted and implemented a Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery Plan. Our data is archived and stored at third-party secure sites and we have recovery sites for certain critical data and operations. Growth in our business could also strain our systems. There can be no assurance that our systems will not be significantly damaged or disrupted or that our systems will be adequate to meet our future business needs or that a system failure will not significantly damage the Company's reputation.

Cyber security risks and the failure to maintain the integrity of company, employee, sales force or guest data could expose us to data loss, litigation and liability, and our reputation could be significantly harmed.

We collect and retain large volumes of company, employee, sales force and guest data, including credit card numbers and other personally identifiable information, for business purposes, including for transactional and promotional purposes, and our various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data. The integrity and protection of this data is critical to our business. We are subject to significant security and privacy regulations, as well as requirements imposed by the credit card industry. Maintaining compliance with these evolving regulations and requirements could be difficult and may increase our expenses. In addition, a penetrated or compromised data system or the intentional, inadvertent or negligent release, misuse or disclosure of data could result in theft, loss or fraudulent or unlawful use of company, employee, sales force or guest data which could negatively impact our results and reputation, disrupt our operations, or result in remedial and other costs, fines or lawsuits.

 

 

 

 

Epidemics and other crises could negatively impact our business.

Due to the person-to-person nature of direct selling, our results of operations could be harmed if the fear of a communicable and rapidly spreading disease or other crises such as natural disasters result in travel restrictions or cause people to avoid group meetings or gatherings or interaction with other people. It is difficult to predict the impact on our business, if any, of the emergence of new epidemics or other crises. In addition, most of our Pharmanex nutritional supplement revenue is generated from products that are encapsulated in bovine- and/or porcine-sourced gel capsules. If we experience production difficulties, quality control problems or shortages in supply in connection with bovine or porcine related health concerns, this could result in additional risk of product shortages or write-downs of inventory. We may be unable to introduce our products in some markets if we are unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals or if any product ingredients are prohibited, which could harm our business.

The market price of our Class A common stock is subject to significant fluctuations due to a number of factors that are beyond our control.

Our Class A common stock closed at $85.15 per share on January 31, 2014 and closed at $31.91 per share on February 1, 2016. During this two-year period, our Class A common stock traded as low as $29.52 per share and as high as $97.49 per share. Many factors, including some we may be unable to control, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fall. Some of these factors include:

•	fluctuations in our operating results;

•	government investigations of our business;

•	adverse publicity related to our business, products, industry or competitors;

•	the sale of shares of Class A common stock by significant stockholders;

•	general trends in the market for our products;

•	acquisitions by us or our competitors;

•	economic or currency exchange issues in markets in which we operate;

•	changes in estimates of our operating performance or changes in recommendations by securities analysts;

•	speculative trading, including short selling and options trading; and

•	general business and political conditions.

Broad market fluctuations could also lower the market price of our Class A common stock regardless of our actual operating performance.

Some of the markets in which we operate may become highly inflationary, which could negatively impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In some of our markets, we face risks associated with high levels of inflation. High levels of inflation and currency devaluations in any of our markets could negatively impact our balance sheet and results of operations.

 

 

 

 

For example, effective in 2010, Venezuela was designated as a highly inflationary economy under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. A country is considered to have a highly inflationary economy if it has a cumulative inflation rate of approximately 100% or more over a three-year period as well as other qualitative factors, including historical inflation rate trends (increasing and decreasing), the capital intensiveness of the operation and other pertinent economic factors. In February 2013, Venezuela devalued its bolivar fuertes ("bolivar") against the U.S. dollar, which resulted in an official exchange rate of 6.3 bolivars per U.S. dollar. During the first quarter of 2014, two new foreign exchange mechanisms ("SICAD I" and "SICAD II") became available in Venezuela, which utilize exchange rates of approximately 10.7 and 50 bolivars per U.S. dollar, respectively. In the first quarter of 2015, a new foreign exchange mechanism ("SIMADI") was announced, which utilizes a variable exchange rate that was approximately 193 bolivars per U.S. dollar as of March 31, 2015. Due to the current political and economic environment in Venezuela, there is a risk that there could be additional foreign currency devaluations.

The functional currency in highly inflationary economies is the U.S. dollar, and transactions denominated in the local currency are remeasured as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar. The remeasurement of local currencies into U.S. dollars creates translation adjustments, which are included in the consolidated statements of operations. During 2014 and 2015, we recorded $46.3 million and $10.2 million, respectively, of non-cash foreign currency charges related to the devaluation of the Venezuela currency. During the periods ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our Venezuela subsidiary's net sales revenue represented approximately 1.1%, 0.9% and 0.2% of consolidated net sales revenue, respectively. Although we did not operate in any country other than Venezuela that was considered to have a highly inflationary economy during the periods ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, other countries, including Argentina and Russia, have experienced weakening currencies, and it is currently possible that such countries may be so designated in the future. Our Argentina and Russia subsidiaries' net sales revenue each represented less than 1% of consolidated net sales revenue during each of the periods ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

Some of the markets in which we operate have currency controls in place, which may restrict our repatriation of cash.

 

If foreign governments restrict transfers of cash out of their country and control exchange rates, we may be limited as to the timing and amount of cash we can repatriate and may not be able to repatriate cash at beneficial exchange rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We typically fund the cash requirements of our operations in the U.S. through intercompany charges for products, license fees and corporate services. However, in some markets such as Mainland China, where we have lower intercompany charges, we may be unable to repatriate cash from current operations in the form of dividends until we file the necessary statutory financial statements for the relevant period. As of December 31, 2015, we had $69.2 million in cash denominated in Chinese RMB.

In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had $4.3 million in monetary assets denominated in Venezuela bolivars. Currency exchange restrictions enacted by the government of Venezuela require approval from the government's currency control organization for our subsidiary in Venezuela to obtain U.S. dollars at an official exchange rate to pay for imported products or to repatriate dividends to the United States.

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As previously disclosed, we are currently involved in a dispute related to customs assessments by Yokohama Customs on several of our products for the period of October 2006 through September 2009 in connection with post-importation audits, as well as the disputed portion of our import duties from October 2009 to the present, which we have or will hold in bond or pay under protest (we were previously required to post a bond or make a deposit to secure any additional duties that may have been due and payable on current imports, but we are no longer required to do so). Additional assessments related to any prior period are barred by applicable statutes of limitations.  The aggregate amount of these assessments and disputed duties was approximately 4.3 billion Japanese yen as of December 31, 2015 (approximately $35.4 million), net of recovery of consumption taxes. The issue in this case is whether a United States entity utilizing a commissionaire agent in Japan to import its products can use the manufacturer's invoice pursuant to the transaction value method under the World Trade Organization Customs Valuation Agreement or whether it must use one of the alternative valuation methods provided in that agreement, and, if an alternative method must be used, what the allowable deductions would be in determining the proper valuation. Following our review of the assessments and after consulting with legal and customs advisors, we believe that use of the manufacturer's invoice is the appropriate valuation method and that the additional assessments are improper and are not supported by applicable customs laws because they are based on an alternative valuation method.  Because we believe that the assessment of higher duties by the customs authorities is an improper application of the regulations, we are currently expensing the portion of the duties we believe is supported under applicable customs law, and recording the additional deposit or payment as a receivable within long-term assets on our consolidated financial statements. We filed letters of protest with the applicable Customs authorities, which were rejected.  We then appealed the matter to the Ministry of Finance in Japan. In the second quarter of 2011, the Ministry of Finance in Japan denied our administrative appeal.  We disagree with the Ministry of Finance's administrative decision. We are now pursuing the matter in Tokyo District Court, which is not required to give deference to the decision made by the Ministry of Finance and which we believe will provide a more independent determination of the matter. In June 2015, the Tokyo District Court closed the proceedings, and we currently anticipate a decision on the matter during the first quarter of 2016. If we are unsuccessful in recovering the amounts assessed and paid, we will record a non-cash expense in Cost of Sales for the full amount of the disputed assessments. We anticipate that additional disputed duties will be limited going forward as we purchase a majority of the affected products in Japan from a Japanese company that purchases and imports the products from the manufacturers.

 

 

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Since 2014, we have been in discussions with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding our Audit Committee's internal review of our business in China and related matters.  In particular, these discussions with the SEC have been focused on a charitable donation we made in China in 2013 and issues related thereto.  In April 2015, the SEC informed us that it was initiating a non-public, formal investigation into these issues.  We have provided a number of documents in connection with this investigation, some of which were given to the SEC pursuant to subpoena, and we continue to work with the SEC to provide it with all requested information.  We have also made available certain of our employees in the U.S. and China to provide testimony and respond to the SEC's questions.  The SEC has advised us that the existence of the investigation should not be construed as an indication by the SEC or its staff that we or any of our officers or directors had violated any of the federal securities laws.  We intend to continue to cooperate fully with the SEC's investigation and provide the SEC with the requested information.  See Item 1A. Risk Factors—"We are involved, and may become involved in the future, in legal proceedings and other matters that, if adversely adjudicated or settled, could adversely affect our financial results."

As previously disclosed, we are also currently being sued in a purported class action lawsuit and derivative claim relating to negative media and regulatory scrutiny regarding our business in Mainland China and the associated decline in our stock price. Beginning in January 2014, six purported class action complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the District of Utah. In May 2014, the court consolidated the various purported class actions, appointed State-Boston Retirement System as lead plaintiff in the consolidated action and appointed the law firm Labaton Sucharow as lead counsel for the purported class in the consolidated action. In June 2014, a consolidated class action complaint was filed. In February 2015, the court denied our motion to dismiss the case. The consolidated class action complaint purports to assert claims on behalf of certain of our stockholders under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder against Nu Skin Enterprises, Ritch N. Wood, and M. Truman Hunt and to assert claims under Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 against Messrs. Wood and Hunt. The consolidated class action complaint alleges that, inter alia, we made materially false and misleading statements regarding our sales operations in and financial results derived from Mainland China, including purportedly operating a pyramid scheme based on illegal multi-level marketing activities. The parties are engaging in a mediation process in an effort to resolve this matter.  We believe the claims are without merit, but we have entered into this process in an effort to avoid potentially lengthy, costly, distracting and time- consuming litigation.

 

In addition, beginning in February 2014, five purported shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the District of Utah. In May 2014, the court issued an order consolidating the derivative actions, appointing plaintiffs Amos. C. Acoff and Analisa Suderov as co-lead plaintiffs in the consolidated action, and appointing the law firms Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP and The Weiser Law Firm, P.C. as co-lead counsel for the plaintiffs in the consolidated action. In July 2014, a consolidated derivative complaint was filed. In July 2015, the court stayed the derivative action pending a resolution in the securities class action lawsuit and denied our motion to dismiss without prejudice to renewing the motion when the stay is lifted. The consolidated derivative complaint purports to assert claims on behalf of Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. for, inter alia, breach of fiduciary duties for disseminating false and misleading information, failing to maintain adequate internal controls, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, and gross mismanagement against M. Truman Hunt, Ritch N. Wood, Steven J. Lund, Nevin N. Andersen, Neil H. Offen, Daniel W. Campbell, Andrew W. Lipman, Patricia A. Negrón, Thomas R. Pisano, and nominally against Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. The consolidated derivative complaint also purports to assert claims on behalf of Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. for breach of fiduciary duty for insider selling and misappropriation of information against Messrs. Wood, Lund and Campbell. The consolidated derivative complaint alleges that, inter alia, the defendants allowed materially false and misleading statements to be made regarding their sales operations in and financial results derived from Mainland China, including purportedly operating a pyramid scheme based on illegal multi-level marketing activities, and that certain defendants sold common stock on the basis of material, adverse non-public information.

 

 

 

 

As previously disclosed, in September 2011, Elizabeth Craig ("Craig") and Brady Harper ("Harper") filed suit against us and our Subsidiaries in the Utah Fourth District Court for malicious prosecution, abuse of criminal process, defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The complaint sought compensatory damages in excess of $42 million and punitive damages of $200 million. In August 2011, we filed suit in the Utah Fourth District Court against Scott Lazerson ("Lazerson") and Nu Lite Sales, LLC ("Nu Lite"), an entity owned by Craig and Harper, alleging fraud, negligent misrepresentation, conversion and unjust enrichment and seeking declaratory and equitable relief. The August 2011 and September 2011 suits are based on disagreements over whether we were entitled to report Craig, Harper and Lazerson to police for suspected theft of our products and over who owns title to those products. On March 22, 2012, the court consolidated the two suits into a single case. Nu Lite and Lazerson have filed counterclaims against us. Nu Lite's counterclaim alleges conversion and tortious interference with prospective business relations and seeks compensatory damages in excess of $2 million and punitive damages of $20 million. Lazerson's counterclaim alleges abuse of process, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent infliction of emotional distress and negligence and seeks unspecified amounts of compensatory and punitive damages. In February 2015, we filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the claims and counterclaims alleged against us by Craig, Harper and Lazerson. In February 2015, Craig, Harper and Nu Lite filed motions for partial summary judgment on Craig and Harper's malicious prosecution claim and on Nu Lite's conversion counterclaim. In October 2015, the district court entered written orders denying summary judgment for all causes of action addressed by the motions, and we filed a petition for permission to file an interlocutory appeal of the district court's orders on summary judgment that were adverse to us, which was denied in November 2015. Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc., Elizabeth Craig, Brady Harper, and Nu Lite Sales, LLC have resolved and settled all claims previously pending between them. The lawsuits between the parties that had been pending in Utah's Fourth Judicial District Court have been dismissed with prejudice with respect to those parties. We believe all of the remaining claims and counterclaims alleged against us by Lazerson are without merit and intend to vigorously defend ourselves.

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the resolution of these matters will not have a negative material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

 

 

 

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The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

Founded more than 30 years ago, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. develops and distributes innovative consumer products, offering a comprehensive line of premium-quality beauty and wellness solutions in 54 markets worldwide. In 2015, our revenue of $2.2 billion was primarily generated by our two category brands: our beauty and personal care category brand known as Nu Skin and our nutritional products category brand, Pharmanex. We have also leveraged our scientific expertise in the area of anti-aging to develop our ageLOC brand that features innovative products in both of these categories. Nu Skin sells its products through a global network of Sales Leaders. Our distribution channel is sometimes referred to as "direct selling."

Nu Skin's operations span more than 50 markets with nearly 90% of our 2015 revenue coming from outside of the United States.  Given the size of our international operations, our results, as reported in U.S. dollars, are often impacted by foreign currency fluctuations. In addition, our results can be impacted by global economic, political, demographic and business trends and conditions.

In 2015, Mainland China was our largest revenue market and accounted for approximately 25% of our revenue. Given the direct selling regulations that are unique to Mainland China, we have implemented a distinct business model in that market to conform to local laws and regulations. While the direct selling channel is relatively new to Mainland China, we continue to believe the market holds significant potential.

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations globally, particularly with respect to our product categories and our distribution channel. Given the regulatory environment for our product categories and distribution channel, from time to time we receive inquiries from government regulatory authorities regarding the nature of our business and other issues. For example, in 2014, our revenue and number of Sales Leaders and Actives in the Greater China region were negatively impacted by our voluntary suspension of new sales representative applications and business meetings in Mainland China in response to adverse media reports and a government review in the first part of 2014. Our business in Mainland China stabilized in 2015, and we continue to work to renew growth in the market by engaging and growing our sales force.

As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 994,000 persons who purchased products directly from the company during the previous three months ("Actives"). We believe a significant majority of Actives purchase our products primarily for personal or family consumption but are not actively pursuing the opportunity to generate income by marketing and reselling products.

 

 

Our revenue is highly influenced by the number and productivity of our Actives and Sales Leaders. Sales Leaders are independent distributors, and sales employees and independent marketers in China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.

We have been successful in attracting and motivating our sales force by:

•

providing compelling initiatives and strong support; and

•

offering an attractive sales compensation structure.

Our global sales force helps us to rapidly introduce products and penetrate our markets with modest up-front promotional expense. We rely on our sales force to create consumer demand for our products, as opposed to a traditional approach of advertising-generated consumer awareness. Our approach is particularly effective with products that benefit from education and demonstration. Similar to other companies in our industry, we experience relatively high turnover among our sales force.

To enhance customer retention, we have developed product subscription and loyalty programs that provide incentives for consumers to commit to purchase a specific amount of product on a monthly basis. All purchases under these programs are subject to our standard product payment and return policies. We believe these subscription and loyalty programs have improved consumer retention, have had a stabilizing impact on revenue and have helped generate recurring sales.

Our sales force markets and sells our products, and attracts others to the opportunity, based on the distinguishing benefits and innovative characteristics of our products. As a result, it is vital to our business that we continuously leverage our scientific expertise and product development resources to introduce innovative beauty and wellness products.

Since 2008, we have focused on the development of products under our ageLOC brand, an innovative line of anti-aging solutions that feature skin treatment and nutritional products. The ageLOC brand has generated more than $5 billion in cumulative sales since its 2008 introduction. The anti-aging line includes the ageLOC Transformation daily skin care system, ageLOC Spa systems and gels, ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra anti-aging skin care serum, ageLOC Vitality and ageLOC R² nutritional supplements, and ageLOC TR90 weight management system. Beginning in 2015 and continuing into 2016, we are launching additional products in this line, including our ageLOC Youth anti-aging nutritional supplement and our ageLOC Me personalized skin care system. Any delays or difficulties in introducing compelling products or attractive initiatives or tools into our markets may have a negative impact on our revenue and our number of Actives and Sales Leaders.

Although our product launch process may vary by market and by product, we generally launch key products in a market by first previewing them to key Sales Leaders. We then introduce the products to our sales force and consumers through limited-time offers. Limited-time offers typically generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which often results in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter and often skews year-over-year and sequential comparisons. We believe our product launch process also attracts new people to our business, helping drive growth in our Sales Leaders and Actives through increased consumer trial.

 

 

 

 

We may experience difficulty effectively managing growth associated with these limited-time offers and may face increased risk of improper sales force activities and related government scrutiny. In addition, the size and condensed schedule of these product launches increases pressure on our supply chain and order processing systems. If we are unable to accurately forecast sales levels in each market for product launches or ongoing product sales, obtain sufficient ingredients or produce a sufficient supply to meet demand, we may incur higher expedited shipping costs and we may temporarily run out of stock of certain products, which could negatively impact the enthusiasm of our sales force and consumers. Conversely, if demand does not meet our expectations for a product launch or ongoing product sales or if we change our planned launch strategies or initiatives, we could incur inventory write-downs. For example, given heightened media and regulatory scrutiny in Mainland China and the voluntary measures we took in that market, we adjusted our 2014 product launch plans. This change in plans resulted in a $50.0 million write-down of estimated surplus inventory, primarily in Mainland China, during the second quarter of 2014. We similarly incurred a $37.9 million write-down of estimated surplus inventory in the Greater China region in the third quarter of 2015 due to reduced expectations for future product sales. Any additional write-down of inventory in any of our markets would negatively impact our gross margins. Although our previous limited-time offers have not materially affected our product return rate, these events may increase our product return rate in the future. If we fail to effectively forecast or manage our supply chain and information systems in the product launch process or for ongoing product sales, our reputation and profitability could be negatively impacted.

Income Statement Presentation

We report revenue in five geographic regions and we translate revenue from each market's local currency into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. The following table sets forth revenue information by region for the periods indicated. This table should be reviewed in connection with the information presented under "Results of Operations," which describes selling expenses and other costs associated with generating the aggregate revenue presented.

Revenue by Region

Cost of sales primarily consists of:

 

 

 

 

 

We source the majority of our products from third-party vendors. Under direct selling regulations in Mainland China, we are required to manufacture the products we distribute through independent direct sellers in Mainland China. Cost of sales and gross profit, on a consolidated basis, may fluctuate as a result of changes in the ratio between self-manufactured products and products sourced from third-party vendors. In addition, because we purchase a significant amount of our goods in U.S. dollars and recognize revenue in local currencies, our gross margin is subject to exchange rate risks. Because our gross margins vary from product to product and due to higher pricing in some markets, changes in product mix and geographic revenue mix can impact our gross margin on a consolidated basis.

Selling expenses are our most significant expense and are classified as operating expenses. Selling expenses include sales commissions paid to our sales force, special incentives, costs for incentive trips and other rewards, as well as wages, benefits, bonuses and other labor and unemployment expenses we pay to our sales force in Mainland China. Selling expenses do not include amounts we pay to our sales force based on their personal purchases; rather, such amounts are reflected as reductions to revenue. Our global sales compensation plan, which we employ in all our markets except Mainland China, is an important factor in our ability to attract and retain our Sales Leaders. Under our global sales compensation plan, Sales Leaders can earn "multi-level" compensation, where they earn commissions for product sales to their consumer groups as well as the product sales made through the sales network they have developed and trained. We do not pay commissions on sales materials. Small fluctuations occur in the amount of commissions paid as the Actives and Sales Leaders change from month to month. However, with approximately 994,000 Actives and 67,575 Sales Leaders, the fluctuation in the overall payout is relatively small. Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue typically increase in connection with a limited-time offer due to growth in the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for increased sales compensation and promotional incentives. From time to time, we make modifications and enhancements to our global sales compensation plan in an effort to help motivate our sales force and develop leadership characteristics, which can have an impact on selling expenses.

Outside of Mainland China, distributors also have the opportunity to make profits by purchasing products from us at a discount and selling them to consumers with a mark-up. We do not account for, nor pay, additional commissions on these mark-ups received by distributors. In many markets, we also allow individuals who are not part of our sales force, whom we refer to as "preferred customers," to buy products directly from us at a discount. We pay commissions on preferred customer purchases to the referring member of our sales force.

General and administrative expenses include:

 

 

 

 

 

Labor expenses are the most significant portion of our general and administrative expenses. Promotion and advertising expenses include costs of sales force conventions held in various markets worldwide, which we expense in the period in which they are incurred. Because our various sales force conventions are not held during each fiscal year, or in the same period each year, their impact on our general and administrative expenses may vary from year to year and from quarter to quarter. For example, we held our global convention in October 2015 and will have another global convention in the fall of 2017 as we currently plan to hold a global convention every other year. In addition, we hold regional conventions and conventions in our major markets at different times during the year. These conventions have significant expenses associated with them. Because we have not incurred expenses for these conventions during every fiscal year or in comparable interim periods, year-over-year comparisons have been impacted accordingly.

Provision for income taxes depends on the statutory tax rates in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, statutory tax rates in 2015 were approximately 16.5% in Hong Kong, 17.0% in Taiwan, 22.7% in South Korea, 39.9% in Japan and 25.0% in Mainland China. We are subject to taxation in the United States at the statutory corporate federal tax rate of 35%, and we pay taxes in multiple states within the United States at various tax rates. Our overall effective tax rate was 37.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Critical Accounting Policies

The following critical accounting policies and estimates should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto. Management considers our critical accounting policies to be the recognition of revenue, accounting for income taxes and accounting for intangible assets. In each of these areas, management makes estimates based on historical results, current trends and future projections.

Revenue. We recognize revenue when products are shipped, which is when title and risk of loss pass to the purchaser of the products. With some exceptions based on local regulations, we offer a return policy that allows our sales force to return unopened and unused product for up to 12 months subject to a 10% restocking fee. Reported revenue is net of returns, which have historically been less than 5% of annual revenue. A reserve for product returns is accrued based on historical experience. We classify selling discounts as a reduction of revenue.

Through our product subscription and loyalty programs, which vary from market to market, participants who commit to purchase on a monthly basis receive a discount from suggested retail or wholesale prices, as applicable. We apply this discount at the time of each purchase and not through a larger discount on the initial purchase. Participants may cancel their commitment at any time, however some markets charge a one-time early cancellation fee. All purchases under these programs are subject to our standard product payment and return policies. In accordance with ASC 605-50, we classify selling discounts and rebates, as a reduction of revenue at the time the sale is recorded.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Codification. This Topic establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the effects of income taxes that result from an enterprise's activities during the current and preceding years. We take an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting of income taxes. We pay income taxes in many foreign jurisdictions based on the profits realized in those jurisdictions, which can be significantly impacted by terms of intercompany transactions between Nu Skin affiliates around the world. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are created in this process. As of December 31, 2015, we had net deferred tax assets of $24.2 million. We net these deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities by jurisdiction. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be ultimately realized. These net deferred tax assets assume sufficient future earnings will exist for their realization, and are calculated using anticipated tax rates. In certain foreign jurisdictions, valuation allowances have been recorded against the deferred tax assets specifically related to use of net operating losses. When we determine that there is sufficient taxable income to utilize the net operating losses, the valuation allowances will be released. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made.

 

 

 

 

We evaluate our indefinite reinvestment assertions with respect to foreign earnings for each period. Other than earnings we intend to reinvest indefinitely, we accrue for the U.S. federal and state income taxes applicable to the earnings. For all foreign earnings, we accrue the applicable foreign income taxes. We intend to utilize the offshore earnings to fund foreign investments, specifically capital expenditures. Undistributed earnings that we have indefinitely reinvested aggregate to $70.0 million and $50.0 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. If this amount were repatriated to the United States, the amount of incremental taxes would be approximately $3.4 million.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. We have filed U.S. federal tax returns for all years through and including 2014, and we are no longer subject to tax examinations from the United States Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") for any of these years except for 2011. With a few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state and local income tax examination by tax authorities for the years before 2011. In 2009, we entered into a voluntary program with the IRS called Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP"). The objective of CAP is to contemporaneously work with the IRS to achieve federal tax compliance and resolve all or most of the issues prior to filing of the tax return. We have elected to participate in the CAP program for 2016 and may elect to continue participating in CAP for future tax years; we may withdraw from the program at any time. In major foreign jurisdictions, we are generally not subject to income tax examinations for years before 2010. However, statutes in certain countries may be as long as ten years for transfer pricing related issues. Along with the IRS examination of 2011, we are currently under examination in certain foreign jurisdictions; however, the outcomes of those reviews are not yet determinable.

Our unrecognized tax benefits are related to multiple foreign and domestic jurisdictions. Due to potential increases in unrecognized tax benefits from the multiple jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as the expiration of various statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible that our gross unrecognized tax benefits, net of foreign currency adjustments, may increase within the next 12 months by a range of approximately $0 to $1 million.

At December 31, 2015, we had $7.8 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $0.9 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. In comparison, at December 31, 2014, we had $6.0 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $1.1 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. We recognized approximately $0.4 million in interest and penalties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and $0.4 million in interest and penalties during the year ended December 31, 2015. We had approximately $0.9 million, $1.3 million and $1.7 million of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of income tax expense.

 

 

 

 

We are subject to regular audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in additional tax liabilities. We account for such contingent liabilities in accordance with relevant accounting standards and believe we have appropriately provided for income taxes for all years. Several factors drive the calculation of our tax reserves. Some of these factors include: (i) the expiration of various statutes of limitations; (ii) changes in tax law and regulations; (iii) issuance of tax rulings; and (iv) settlements with tax authorities. Changes in any of these factors may result in adjustments to our reserves, which would impact our reported financial results.

Intangible Assets. Acquired intangible assets may represent indefinite-lived assets, determinable-lived intangibles or goodwill. Of these, only the costs of determinable-lived intangibles are amortized to expense over their estimated life. The value of indefinite-lived intangible assets and residual goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment. Our impairment testing for goodwill is performed separately from our impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangibles. We test goodwill for impairment, at least annually, by reviewing the book value compared to the fair value at the reportable unit level. Beginning in 2011, we had the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. We used the quantitative assessment for all periods presented. Considerable management judgment is necessary to measure fair value. We did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets during the periods presented.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

 

2015 Compared to 2014

Revenue in 2015 decreased 13% to $2.2 billion from $2.6 billion in 2014, with foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacting revenue 8%. Sales Leaders and Actives were up 9% and down 18%, respectively, compared to the prior year. Earnings per share for 2015 were $2.25, compared to $3.11 for 2014.

The year-over-year comparisons are affected by limited-time offer activity in 2014 and the lack of major new product initiatives through the first half of 2015. Limited-time offers of our ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra anti-aging skin care serum and our ageLOC TR90 weight management and body shaping system generated approximately $194 million in revenue during 2014. Following the launch of ageLOC TR90 in 2013 and the beginning of 2014, we did not have any major new product initiatives until the second half of 2015, which presented challenges in our ability to grow the business. Revenue generated from limited-time offers of ageLOC Youth in our South Asia/Pacific and Americas regions and ageLOC Me in our North Asia region during 2015 totaled approximately $96 million. We expect that our revenue for 2016 will continue to be positively impacted by the introduction of new products.

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted our 2015 revenue by 8% on a consolidated basis, compared to 2014. In addition, our 2015 earnings per share reflect a first-quarter charge of $10.2 million related to a new foreign exchange mechanism for the Venezuela currency and foreign currency translation expenses of $17.0 million. In 2014, we similarly incurred a charge of $46.3 million related to the Venezuela currency. We currently expect that the strengthening U.S. dollar will continue to impact our results in 2016. For more information regarding these items, please see "—Gross profit," "—Other income (expense), net" and "—Liquidity and Capital Resources."

Our earnings per share also reflect write-downs of inventory of $37.9 million in 2015 and $50.0 million in 2014. Both of these write-downs of estimated surplus inventory resulted from reduced sales expectations primarily in our Greater China region.

Greater China. The following table sets forth revenue for the Greater China region and its principal markets (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue in the Greater China region by 2% in 2015.

The year-over-year revenue decline reflects approximately $130.5 million in revenue in this region in 2014 generated by limited-time offers of ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra and ageLOC TR90, consisting of $80.8 million in Mainland China and $49.7 million in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Although there were no significant limited-time offers in the region during 2015, revenue was positively impacted by small previews of ageLOC Me to key Sales Leaders in the region, and ageLOC Youth in Hong Kong, during the fourth quarter.

 

 

 

 

The year-over-year revenue decline for the region also reflects the disruption of our business in Mainland China and subsequent loss of Sales Leaders in 2014. We believe our business in Mainland China stabilized in 2015.  For example, on a sequential basis, revenue in Mainland China for the fourth quarter of 2015 was 4% higher than the third quarter of 2015. We continue to work to engage and grow our sales force in order to renew growth in that market. Economic indicators in Mainland China cause uncertainty regarding economic conditions in Mainland China and the potential impact on our business in that market.

 

Sales Leaders in Mainland China increased 16% and Actives decreased 52% compared to 2014. Sales Leaders and Actives in Taiwan were down 14% and 18%, respectively, compared to 2014. Sales Leaders in Hong Kong were up 6% and Actives were down 19% compared to 2014. The decrease in Actives across the region reflects promotional activity that took place during the fourth quarter of 2014. On a sequential basis, Sales Leaders and Actives in the region increased 8% and 6%, respectively, from September 30, 2015 to December 31, 2015.

We believe that recent allegations and media scrutiny regarding the alleged improper importation and sale of ageLOC Spa devices in Taiwan in 2011 and 2012 may have negatively impacted our sales force and reputation in that market and may continue to do so. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors—"If our ageLOC Spa systems or Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner are determined to be medical devices in a particular geographic market or if our sales force uses these products for medical purposes or makes improper medical claims, our ability to continue to market and distribute such tools could be harmed, and we could face legal or regulatory actions."

We currently plan to sell ageLOC Me in a limited-time offer in this region during the second quarter of 2016.

North Asia. The following table sets forth revenue for the North Asia region and its principal markets (U.S. dollars in millions):

Revenue in the region for 2015 was negatively impacted approximately 9% by foreign currency fluctuations, compared to 2014. Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue 7% and 12% in South Korea and Japan, respectively.

Local-currency revenue in South Korea was down 3% on a year-over-year basis. This decline reflects approximately $39 million in revenue in 2014 generated by limited-time offers of ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra and TR90. During 2015, we did not have a major product introduction in South Korea until the fourth quarter, when we introduced ageLOC Me in a limited-time offer, generating approximately $18 million in sales. Revenue from this limited-time offer was lower than our internal goals.  We believe our bundling of the device with an optional 12-month product commitment may have contributed to these lower-than-expected results. We also believe that the results may reflect softness in the South Korea market, which may continue in 2016. We currently plan to begin making ageLOC Me generally available for purchase in South Korea during the first quarter of 2016. Our Sales Leaders and Actives in South Korea decreased 2% and 8%, respectively, compared to the prior year.

 

 

 

 

Local-currency revenue in Japan decreased 4% on a year-over-year basis, reflecting challenges related to the difficult direct selling environment in Japan and the lack of a major product introduction until the fourth quarter of 2015. Our limited-time offer of ageLOC Me in December generated an increased level of Sales Leader activity, and we currently plan to begin making this product generally available for purchase in Japan during the second quarter of 2016. Sales Leaders in Japan increased 2% and Actives decreased 5% compared to 2014. The regulatory environment in Japan continues to be challenging.

Americas. The following table sets forth revenue for the Americas region (U.S. dollars in millions):

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* Less than 1%

The year-over-year revenue comparison for this region reflects approximately $21 million of revenue generated by a limited-time offer of ageLOC Youth in the United States and Canada during the fourth quarter of 2015, compared to approximately $10 million in limited-time offer sales of ageLOC TR90 in the region during 2014.  We currently plan to make ageLOC Youth generally available for purchase in the United States, Canada and Mexico during the first half of 2016.

Local-currency revenue growth throughout the region in 2015 was offset by a negative impact of approximately 13% from foreign currency fluctuations. Revenue in Canada, our largest market by revenue in this region outside of the United States, grew by 14% on a local-currency basis but declined by 1% on a reported basis, compared to 2014.  Similarly, revenue in Latin America grew by 43% on a local-currency basis but declined by 21% on a reported basis, compared to 2014.

Sales Leaders in the Americas region increased 17%, driven primarily by the fourth-quarter limited-time offer of ageLOC Youth, and Actives decreased 5%, compared to the prior year.

South Asia/Pacific. The following table sets forth revenue for the South Asia/Pacific region (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue in the South Asia/Pacific region by 12% in 2015 compared to the prior year. Local-currency revenue in the region grew on a year-over-year basis, reflecting approximately $48 million of revenue generated by a limited-time offer of ageLOC Youth during the second half of 2015.  There were no significant limited-time offer sales in this region during the prior year.

Sales Leaders in the region increased 24%, driven primarily by the limited-time offer of ageLOC Youth, and Actives decreased 4% in 2015 compared to the prior year.

We currently plan to have a second limited-time offer of ageLOC Youth in the region during the second quarter of 2016.

 

 

 

 

EMEA. The following table sets forth revenue for the Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") region (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue in the EMEA region by 16% in 2015 compared to the prior year. The year-over-year revenue decline in EMEA was impacted by 2014 limited-time offers of TR90, which generated revenue of approximately $8 million in the region in 2014. There were no limited-time offers in the region in 2015. Revenue was also negatively impacted by a year-over-year decline of 4% in both Sales Leaders and Actives, which we believe was due in part to a lack of major new product initiatives.

We currently plan to launch ageLOC Me in the region during the first quarter of 2016.

Gross profit as a percentage of revenue in 2015 decreased to 78.2% compared to 81.4% in 2014. The decline is due to the negative impact of foreign currency fluctuations, increased promotional activity, the 2015 reclassification of certain overhead expenses related to warehousing and shipping products from general and administrative expense to cost of sales, and an increase in inventory-related overhead expenses in 2015 as a result of increased inventory turnover. The amount that was reclassified from general and administrative expense to cost of sales for 2015 was $31.5 million. We did not revise prior-period financial statements because the reclassification was not material to the prior periods.

Gross profit in both 2014 and 2015 was also negatively impacted by inventory write-downs of $50.0 million in 2014 and $37.9 million in 2015. Both of these write-downs of estimated surplus inventory resulted from reduced sales expectations primarily in our Greater China region. Any additional write-down of inventory in any of our markets would negatively impact our gross margin.

Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased to 42.3% in 2015, compared to 43.5% in 2014. Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue in 2015 were lower due to a reduction in the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for incentive trips and other promotional incentives based on 2015 results. In addition, the salaries of our sales employees in Mainland China are fixed for a three-month period of time, until they are adjusted during a quarterly evaluation process. Consequently, our selling expenses as a percentage of revenue were relatively high in the first quarter of 2014 because a portion of our sales compensation remained fixed while our revenue was negatively impacted by the voluntary measures we took in Mainland China during that quarter.

General and administrative expenses decreased to $561.5 million in 2015, compared to $622.3 million in 2014. This decrease was due to the 2015 reclassification of overhead expenses from general and administrative expense into cost of sales as discussed under "Gross profit" above. General and administrative expenses also declined on a year-over-year basis due to a decline of $17.0 million in expenses related to promotions and advertising and a decline of $10.1 million in stock-based compensation expense.

 

 

 

Other income (expense), net was $32.7 million of expense in 2015, compared to $53.7 million of expense in 2014. These expenses reflect non-cash foreign currency charges of $10.2 million in the first quarter of 2015 and $46.3 million in the first half 2014 resulting from the impact of the devaluation of the Venezuela currency on the monetary assets and liabilities of our Venezuela entity. For more information about these charges, see "—Liquidity and Capital Resources." We also incurred foreign currency translation expenses of $17.0 million in 2015. In 2014, we incurred a charge of $7.4 million related to the prepayment of debt, partially offset by approximately $7.0 million in tax incentives related to our new China headquarters.

Provision for income taxes decreased to $78.9 million in 2015 from $109.3 million in 2014. The effective tax rate increased to 37.2% in 2015 from 36.6% of pre-tax income in 2014. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate for 2015 was due largely to the lower than anticipated profits in China caused by the charge to inventory. Consequently, a deferred tax asset associated with China could not be recognized, thereby impacting the annual effective tax rate.

As a result of the foregoing factors, net income in 2015 decreased to $133.0 million, compared to $189.2 million in 2014.

2014 Compared to 2013

Revenue in 2014 decreased 19% to $2.6 billion from $3.2 billion in 2013, with foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacting revenue 3%. Sales Leaders and Actives were down 39% and 10%, respectively, compared to the prior year. We believe these declines were largely driven by two primary factors. First, our business in Mainland China was significantly disrupted following our voluntary suspension of business meetings and the acceptance of applications for new sales representatives in response to media and regulatory scrutiny of our business in January 2014. In May 2014, we resumed business meetings and acceptance of applications for new sales representatives, and in the second half of 2014, we continued to expand our business meetings.

Second, the declines reflect difficult comparisons with the prior year, which included significant Sales Leader activity and revenue related to the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90. This limited-time offer generated $550 million of sales during the second half of 2013. This product was sold in a kit containing a three-month supply, and we believe the significant 2013 sales and the three-month supply kit configuration decreased demand in subsequent regional limited-time offers of this product. In addition, TR90 was developed to decrease fat without sacrificing lean muscle. The result is a healthier body composition but not necessarily maximum weight loss. Our research showed that some consumers of TR90 were dissatisfied with the extent of their weight loss. In some markets, we elected to make TR90 generally available shortly following a regional limited-time offer, rather than waiting a longer period as in previous limited-time offers for other products. We believe these issues and the disruption in China combined to result in significantly lower regional limited-time offer sales of TR90 and ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra in 2014, which generated $194 million.

 

 

 

 

Earnings per share in 2014 decreased to $3.11, compared to $5.94 in 2013. The decrease in earnings per share in 2014 reflects a 19% revenue decline, a $46.3 million foreign currency charge taken in the first half of 2014 related to the devaluation of the Venezuela currency and the increased tax rate related to this foreign currency charge. The decrease in earnings per share in 2014 also reflects a $50.0 million charge taken in the second quarter of 2014 for the write-down of inventory primarily in Mainland China.

Greater China. The following table sets forth revenue for the Greater China region and its principal markets (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations did not impact revenue in the Greater China region in 2014. Sales Leaders and Actives in Mainland China decreased 63% and 21%, respectively, compared to 2013. Sales Leaders and Actives in Taiwan were down 49% and 17%, respectively, compared to 2013. Sales Leaders and Actives in Hong Kong were down 49% and 10%, compared to 2013.

The year-over-year comparisons were impacted by significant Sales Leader activity and revenue related to the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90 in the second half of 2013, which generated $327 million in sales in the Greater China region. In 2014, smaller regional limited-time offers of ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra and TR90 generated revenue of $130 million in the region. Revenue in the region for the fourth quarter of 2014 also benefited from product promotions.

Our revenue and number of Sales Leaders and Actives in this region during 2014 were also negatively impacted by our voluntary suspension of business meetings and acceptance of applications for new sales representatives in Mainland China in response to adverse media reports and a government review of our business in the first part of 2014. Following completion of this government review, in May 2014 we resumed business meetings and acceptance of applications for new sales representatives, and in the second half of 2014, we continued to expand our business meetings. We believe our business in Mainland China showed signs of stabilization during the second half of 2014 as sales were relatively even from the second to the fourth quarter of the year.

We believe that the negative publicity and regulatory uncertainty in Mainland China caused some distraction among our Sales Leaders globally, but more specifically in Taiwan and Hong Kong, given the proximity of these markets to Mainland China. Revenue in these markets was also negatively impacted by year-over-year declines in Sales Leaders and Actives.

 

 

 

North Asia. The following table sets forth revenue for the North Asia region and its principal markets (U.S. dollars in millions):

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*Less than 1%

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue 1% in this region compared to the prior year.

Reported revenue remained level in South Korea despite difficult comparisons. Foreign currency fluctuations positively impacted revenue by 4% compared to the prior year. We introduced our ageLOC TR90 and related products in South Korea through a global limited-time offer in the second half of 2013, which generated approximately $70 million. In 2014, smaller regional limited-time offers of TR90 and ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra generated revenue of approximately $39 million in South Korea. Sales Leaders and Actives in South Korea were down 15% and 3%, respectively, compared to 2013.

Local currency revenue decreased 15% in Japan in 2014 compared to 2013. Revenue was negatively impacted an additional 7% by the weakening of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar, compared to 2013. The year-over-year revenue comparison was impacted by the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90 in the second half of 2013, which generated approximately $34 million. In 2014, smaller regional limited-time offers of ageLOC Tru Face Essence Ultra and TR90 generated revenue of approximately $5 million in Japan. In 2014, Sales Leaders and Actives in Japan decreased 7% and 6%, respectively, compared to 2013, reflecting challenges related to the difficult direct selling environment in Japan.

Americas. The following table sets forth revenue for the Americas region (U.S. dollars in millions):

Revenue in the Americas decreased 11% in 2014 compared to 2013, including a negative impact of 18% caused by foreign currency. Sales Leaders and Actives in the region decreased 10% and 4%, respectively, in 2014 compared to 2013. The year-over-year results for the United States and Canada were impacted by the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90 in the second half of 2013, which generated $36 million. In 2014, smaller regional limited-time offers of TR90 generated revenue of $10 million in the United States and Canada. Strong local currency growth in Latin America was offset by the devaluation of the Venezuela currency and the weakening of other currencies against the U.S. dollar. In the first quarter of 2015, Venezuela announced a new foreign exchange mechanism. For more information, see "─Liquidity and Capital Resources."

 

 

 

South Asia/Pacific. The following table sets forth revenue for the South Asia/Pacific region (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue in South Asia/Pacific by 5% in 2014, compared to the prior year. Sales Leaders and Actives in the region increased 6% and 3%, respectively, in 2014 compared to the prior year.

The year-over-year decline in South Asia/Pacific was impacted largely by the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90 in the second half of 2013, which generated approximately $64 million.

EMEA. The following table sets forth revenue for the Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") region (U.S. dollars in millions):

Foreign currency fluctuations negatively impacted revenue in the EMEA region by 1% in 2014 compared to the prior year. The year-over-year decline in EMEA was impacted largely by the global limited-time offer of ageLOC TR90 in the second half of 2013, which generated approximately $18 million in sales in the region during the second half of 2013. In 2014, smaller regional limited-time offers of TR90 generated revenue of $8 million in the region. Revenue was also negatively impacted by a decline in Sales Leaders and Actives of 9% and 7%, respectively, when compared to 2013.

Gross profit as a percentage of revenue in 2014 decreased to 81.4% compared to 84.1% in 2013. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue for 2014 was negatively impacted by a $50.0 million write-down of inventory, primarily in Mainland China. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue in 2014 was also negatively impacted by currency fluctuations, decreased utilization of our manufacturing operations in Mainland China and a decline in the percentage of global revenue represented by Mainland China, where our gross margin on a consolidated basis benefited from self-manufactured products. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue in 2014 was also negatively impacted by increased product promotions.

Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased to 43.5% in 2014, compared to 46.5% in 2013. Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue in 2013 were relatively high as a result of the significant growth in the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for increased sales compensation and promotional incentives related to the limited-time offer of TR90 in 2013. Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue also decreased in 2014, due to a reduction in the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for incentive trips and other promotional incentives based on 2014 results.

As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 24.2% in 2014 from 20.2% in 2013, reflecting lower revenue and relatively stable general and administrative expenses.

 

 

 

 

Other income (expense), net was $53.7 million of expense in 2014, compared to $2.8 million of income in 2013. The increase in expense in 2014 was primarily due to a $46.3 million non-cash foreign currency charge related to the impact of the devaluation of the Venezuela currency on monetary assets and liabilities of our Venezuela entity and a fourth-quarter charge of $7.4 million related to the prepayment of debt. Foreign currency translation expenses related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar were offset by tax incentives related to our new China headquarters. In the first quarter of 2015, Venezuela announced a new foreign exchange mechanism.  For more information, see "–Liquidity and Capital Resources."

Provision for income taxes decreased to $109.3 million in 2014 from $192.1 million in 2013. The effective tax rate increased to 36.6% in 2014 from 34.5% of pre-tax income in 2013. The increase in the effective tax rate in 2014 was due largely to the impact of the foreign currency charge relating to Venezuela, for which a deductible tax expense is not allowed until profit is realized in this market.

As a result of the foregoing factors, net income in 2014 decreased to $189.2 million, compared to $364.9 million in 2013.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, our principal uses of cash have included operating expenses, particularly selling expenses, and working capital (principally inventory purchases), as well as capital expenditures, stock repurchases, dividends, debt repayment and the development of operations in new markets. We have at times incurred long-term debt in order to fund strategic transactions and stock repurchases. We typically generate positive cash flow from operations due to favorable margins and have generally relied on cash from operations to fund operating activities. We generated $322.1million in cash from operations during 2015, compared to a net outflow of $56.5 million in cash from operations during 2014. The net outflow of cash from operations in the previous year reflects two significant uses of cash in 2014 that did not reoccur in 2015: (1) the payment of a significant amount of expenses that were accrued as of the end of 2013, following a quarter of record sales and a record number of sales representatives who qualified for incentive trips; and (2) payments to build up a large amount of inventory for forecasted product sales in 2014.

As of December 31, 2015, working capital was $298.8 million compared to $416.3 million as of December 31, 2014. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to the reduction in our inventory balances. Cash and cash equivalents, including current investments, at December 31, 2015 were $303.7 million compared to $300.2 million at December 31, 2014. Although cash and cash equivalents remained nearly the same, cash provided by operating activities increased significantly, as noted above, and cash used in financing activities also increased significantly due primarily to the increase in stock repurchases in 2015.

Capital expenditures in 2015 totaled $56.6 million, and we anticipate capital expenditures of approximately $60 million for 2016. We expect that the capital expenditures in 2016 will be primarily related to:

 

 

 

 

 

•

purchases and expenditures for computer systems and equipment, software, and application development.

Our Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with various financial institutions, and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent, provides for a $127.5 million term loan facility, a 6.6 billion Japanese yen term loan facility and a $187.5 million revolving credit facility, each with a term of five years. The Credit Agreement requires that we maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not exceeding 2.25 to 1.00 and a consolidated interest coverage ratio of no less than 3.00 to 1.00.  As of December 31, 2015, we had debt pursuant to the Credit Agreement of $217.3 million, consisting of $118.7 million and 6.1 billion Japanese yen ($51.1 million) under the term loan facilities and $47.5 million under the revolving credit facility, less a debt discount of $4.3 million. Please refer to Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report for further information regarding the Credit Agreement and other debt.

In 1998, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase plan authorizing us to repurchase $10.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock on the open market or in private transactions. Our board from time to time increased the amount authorized under the 1998 stock repurchase plan, including an increase of $400.0 million announced in August 2013. In October 2015, our board terminated the 1998 stock repurchase plan and approved a new repurchase plan with an initial authorization amount of $500.0 million. The repurchases are used primarily to offset dilution from our equity incentive plans and for strategic initiatives. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we repurchased approximately 2.3

 million shares of Class A common stock under the 1998 stock repurchase plan for $111.0 million and approximately 1.5 million shares of Class A common stock under the 2015 stock repurchase plan for $53.1 million. At December 31, 2015, $446.9 million was available for repurchases under the 2015 stock repurchase plan.

Our board of directors declared and paid cash dividends on our Class A common stock of $0.35 per share during each quarter of 2015. These quarterly cash dividends totaled approximately $81.2 million. The board of directors has approved an increased quarterly cash dividend of $0.355 per share of Class A common stock to be paid on March 16, 2016, to stockholders of record on February 26, 2016. Annually, this would increase the dividend to $1.42 from $1.40 in 2015. Currently, we anticipate that our board of directors will continue to declare quarterly cash dividends and that the cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our future dividend payments. However, the continued declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other relevant factors.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we held $303.7 million and $300.2 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents, including current investments.  Cash and cash equivalents includes $241.4 million and $195.7 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, held in our operations outside of the U.S. Substantially all of our non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents are readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other currencies, with the exception of cash in Venezuela which is subject to currency exchange restrictions by the government of Venezuela. Currency exchange restrictions in Venezuela require approval from the government's currency control organization for our subsidiary in Venezuela to obtain U.S. dollars at an official exchange rate to pay for imported products or to repatriate dividends to the United States. We have been unsuccessful in obtaining U.S. dollars at the official exchange rates and under alternative exchange mechanisms described below. As a result, these foreign exchange controls in Venezuela have limited our ability to repatriate earnings and settle our intercompany obligations, which has resulted in the accumulation of bolivar denominated cash and cash equivalents in Venezuela.

 

 

 

 

 

During the first quarter of 2014, two new foreign exchange mechanisms ("SICAD I" and "SICAD II") became available in Venezuela. As of March 31, 2014, we determined it would be most appropriate to utilize the SICAD I rate, which was approximately 10.7 bolivars per U.S. dollar. As a result, we incurred a $14.7 million charge related to the translation of our monetary assets in Venezuela. During the second quarter, we determined that it would be most appropriate to use the SICAD II rate, which is approximately 50 bolivars per U.S. dollar, as we had still not received any approvals under SICAD I. The remeasurement of our net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in bolivars as a result of this change resulted in a foreign exchange loss of $25.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2014. During the first quarter of 2015, Venezuela announced that it merged its SICAD I and SICAD II mechanisms into a single mechanism ("SICAD"), and it announced a new foreign exchange mechanism ("SIMADI"), which utilizes a variable exchange rate that was approximately 193 bolivars per U.S. dollar as of March 31, 2015. During the first quarter of 2015, we determined it would be most appropriate to utilize the SIMADI rate. The remeasurement of our net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in bolivars as a result of this change resulted in a foreign currency exchange loss of $10.2 million during the first quarter of 2015. Based on the amount of cash and intercompany payables we have in this market and the actions we have taken to date, we believe the foreign currency risks in this market have largely been mitigated. As of December 31, 2015, we had $4.3 million in monetary assets denominated in Venezuela bolivars.

We typically fund the cash requirements of our operations in the U.S. through intercompany charges for products, license fees and corporate services. However, in some markets such as Mainland China, where we have lower intercompany charges, we may be unable to repatriate cash from current operations in the form of dividends until we file the necessary statutory financial statements for the relevant period. As of December 31, 2015, we had $69.2 million in cash denominated in Chinese RMB. We currently have in place an intercompany loan arrangement, which allows us to access a portion of available cash in Mainland China pending our repatriation of dividends. We currently plan to repatriate undistributed earnings from our non-U.S. operations as necessary, considering the cash needs of our non-U.S. operations and the cash needs of our U.S. operations for dividends, stock repurchases, capital investments, debt repayment and strategic transactions. Except for partial indefinite reinvestment in two jurisdictions, we have not designated our investments as indefinitely reinvested, but rather have these funds available for our operations in the U.S. as needed. Any repatriation of non-U.S. earnings requires payment of U.S. taxes in accordance with applicable U.S. tax rules and regulations. Accordingly, we have accrued the necessary U.S. taxes related to the funds that are not indefinitely reinvested.

We currently believe that existing cash balances, future cash flows from operations and existing lines of credit will be adequate to fund our cash needs on both a short- and long-term basis. The majority of our historical expenses have been variable in nature and as such, a potential reduction in the level of revenue would reduce our cash flow needs. In the event that our current cash balances, future cash flow from operations and current lines of credit are not sufficient to meet our obligations or strategic needs, we would consider raising additional funds in the debt or equity markets or restructuring our current debt obligations. Additionally, we would consider realigning our strategic plans, including a reduction in capital spending, stock repurchases or dividend payments.

 

 

 

 

Contractual Obligations and Contingencies

The following table sets forth payments due by period for fixed contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015 (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 

 

		Total				2016					2017-2018				2019-2020			Thereafter
Long-term debt obligations(1)		$	253,899			$	67,849			$	74,386			$	111,664			$	─
Interest payable			15,442				5,666				7,144				2,632			─
Operating lease obligations			117,867				36,627				54,171				25,148				1,921
Purchase obligations			133,876				104,402				19,303				7,434				2,737
Other long-term liabilities reflected on the balance sheet(2)			90,880				8,107				12,230				7,175				63,368
Total		$	611,964			$	222,651			$	167,234			$	154,053			$	68,026

 

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(1)

The carrying value of the debt reflects the amounts stated in the above table less a debt discount of $4.3 million.

(2)

The timing of the commitments in Other long-term liabilities reflected on the balance sheet is uncertain and represents management's best estimate.

Contingent Liabilities

Please refer to Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report for information regarding our contingent liabilities.

Seasonality and Cyclicality

In addition to general economic factors, we are impacted by seasonal factors and trends such as major cultural events and vacation patterns.  For example, most Asian markets celebrate their respective local New Year in the first quarter, which generally has a negative impact on that quarter.  We believe that direct selling is also generally negatively impacted during the third quarter, when many individuals, including our sales force, traditionally take vacations.

Although our product launch process may vary by market, we generally introduce new key products to our sales force and consumers through limited-time offers. The limited-time offers typically generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which often results in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter of the limited-time offer and skew year-over-year and sequential comparisons.

 

 

 

Actives and Sales Leaders

The following table provides information concerning the number of Actives and Sales Leaders as of the dates indicated. "Actives" are persons who have purchased products directly from the Company during the three months ended as of the date indicated. "Sales Leaders" are independent distributors, and sales employees and independent marketers in China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.

 

Quarterly Results

The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly data for the periods shown as revised (U.S. dollars in millions, except per share amounts):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. This ASU changes the threshold for a disposal to qualify as a discontinued operation. To be considered a discontinued operation, a disposal now must represent a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. This ASU also requires new disclosures for individually material disposal transactions that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation. This update will be applied prospectively and was effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and shall be applied either retrospectively to each period presented or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. We are evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

 

 

In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU clarifies that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance in Topic 718 as it relates to awards with performance conditions that affect vesting to account for such awards. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fair value of the award.  Compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite service has already been rendered. This ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU may be applied either (a) prospectively to all awards granted or modified after the effective date or (b) retrospectively to all awards with performance targets that are outstanding as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented in the financial statements and to all new or modified awards thereafter. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40). The purpose of this ASU is to incorporate into U.S. GAAP management's responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and to provide related footnote disclosures.  This update is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. 

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This guidance requires that debt issuance costs be presented as a direct reduction to the carrying amount of the related debt in the balance sheet rather than as a deferred charge, consistent with the presentation of discounts on debt. ASU 2015-15, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements, was issued in August 2015 to clarify that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and is to be applied retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. This guidance requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, rather than at the lower of cost or market. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and is to be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

 

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. This guidance requires entities to classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. As permitted, we elected to early adopt this guidance effective December 31, 2015, and have applied the guidance prospectively. As of December 31, 2014, we had $40.8 million of current deferred tax assets and no current deferred tax liabilities which remain classified as current in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements, other than the prospective classification of deferred tax liabilities and assets as long-term in accordance with the new presentation requirements. There was no impact on our results of operations as a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-17.

Currency Risk and Exchange Rate Information

A majority of our revenue and many of our expenses are recognized outside of the United States, except for inventory purchases, a significant portion of which are primarily transacted in U.S. dollars from vendors in the United States. The local currency of each of our Subsidiaries' primary markets is considered the functional currency with the exception of our Asia product-distribution subsidiary in Singapore and our Venezuela subsidiary. All revenue and expenses are translated at weighted-average exchange rates for the periods reported. Therefore, our reported revenue and earnings will be positively impacted by a weakening of the U.S. dollar and will be negatively impacted by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar. Given the large portion of our business derived from outside of the United States, any strengthening of the U.S. dollar negatively impacts reported revenue and profits, whereas a weakening of the U.S. dollar positively impacts our reported revenue and profits. Given the uncertainty of exchange rate fluctuations, it is difficult to predict the effect of these fluctuations on our future business, product pricing and results of operations or financial condition. During 2014 and 2015, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against other currencies significantly impacted our financial results.

Foreign exchange risk is managed in certain jurisdictions through the use of foreign currency debt. Included in the cumulative translation adjustment are $10.5 million of pretax net losses, $1.4 million of pretax net gains and zero pretax net gains for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, from Japanese yen borrowings.

Additionally, we may seek to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through the use of foreign currency exchange contracts and through intercompany loans of foreign currency. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We regularly monitor our foreign currency risks and periodically take measures to reduce the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations on our operating results. As of December 31, 2015, we held mark-to-market forward derivative contracts to hedge foreign denominated intercompany positions or third party foreign debt with notional amounts of 500.0 million Japanese yen ($4.2 million), 9.0 million Canadian dollars ($6.5 million), and 5.8 billion Korean won ($4.9 million), with related gains and losses being recorded as part of Other Income (Expense);  in addition we held forward contracts designated as foreign currency cash flow hedges with notional amounts totaling approximately 1.9 billion Japanese yen ($15.8 million as of December 31, 2015) and 15.0 million euros ($16.3 million as of December 31, 2015) to hedge forecasted foreign-currency-denominated intercompany transactions; and at December 31, 2014, we held forward contracts designated as foreign currency cash flow hedges with notional amounts totaling approximately 2.1 billion Japanese yen ($17.5 million as of December 31, 2014) and 4.0 million euros ($4.8 million as of December 31, 2014).  Because of our foreign exchange contracts at December 31, 2015, the impact of a 10% appreciation or 10% depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Japanese yen or the euro would not represent a material potential loss in fair value, earnings or cash flows against these contracts. This potential loss does not consider the underlying foreign currency transaction or translation exposures to which we are subject.

 

 

 

Following are the weighted-average currency exchange rates of U.S. $1 into local currency for each of our international or foreign markets in which revenue exceeded U.S. $5.0 million for at least one of the quarters listed: